有神经保护作用的天然生物活性多糖：新观点
摘要：
多糖是一类具有多种生物活性的复杂大分子物，体内外研究表明，它们可以通过多种机制发挥神经保护作用，尤其在防治神经退行性疾病方面极具潜力。文章通过梳理2015-2020年的相关研究成果，综述了近年来生物活性多糖神经保护作用的最新研究进展。(1) 文章介绍了15种具有神经保护作用的生物活性多糖，这15种来自天然植物和真菌的生物活性多糖主要通过调控核转录因子κB、PI3K/Akt、MAPK、Nrf2/HO-1，JNK，Akt-mTOR、ROS-NLRP3等通路，从抗氧化应激、抑制神经炎症、抑制细胞凋亡和降低兴奋性氨基酸毒性作用等几个方面发挥神经保护作用。(2) 天然生物活性多糖的神经保护作用具有多靶向性、低毒性和潜在的协同效应等优点，在防治神经退行性疾病方面具有良好的应用前景。(3)但此领域目前的研究大多为细胞和动物模型研究，未来还需要进行大规模随机对照临床试验证据来证实这些具有神经保护作用的多糖对神经退行性疾病患者的治疗益处。
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-2705 (Wei-Dong Le)
关键词: 阿尔茨海默病, 凋亡, 实验研究, 神经变性, 神经炎症, 神经保护, 氧化应激, 帕金森病, 多糖, 保护机制
Abstract: Polysaccharides are macromolecular complexes that have various biological activities. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that polysaccharides play neuroprotective roles through multiple mechanisms; consequently, they have potential in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper summarizes related research published during 2015–2020 and reviews advances in the understanding of the neuroprotective effects of bioactive polysaccharides. This review focuses on 15 bioactive polysaccharides from plants and fungi that have neuroprotective properties against oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and excitatory amino acid toxicity mainly through the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-B, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2/ hemeoxygenase-1, c-jun N-terminal kinase, protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin, and reactive oxygen species-nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 signaling pathways. Natural bioactive polysaccharides have potential in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases because of their advantageous characteristics, including multi-targeting, low toxicity, and synergistic effects. However, most of the recent related research has focused on cell and animal models. Future randomized clinical trials involving large sample sizes are needed to validate the therapeutic benefits of these neuroprotective polysaccharides in patients having neurodegenerative diseases.
Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, apoptosis, experimental research, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, neuroprotective, oxidative stress, Parkinson’s disease, polysaccharides, protective mechanisms
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