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微生物菌肥替代部分化肥对花椰菜产量、品质及土壤微生物的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-11-23 22:20

摘要：

于2018—2020年在甘肃省兰州市榆中县开展连续3 a的定点试验,监测微生物菌肥替代部分化肥对花椰菜产量、品质及土壤环境的影响。试验共设3个处理:A,全量化肥(当地常用化肥施用量,100%化肥);B,菌肥(60 kg·hm-2)+当地常用化肥施用量的60%;C,菌肥(120 kg·hm-2)+当地常用化肥施用量的40%。结果表明:在2018年和2020年,B处理的产量分别达到了32.41、33.61 t·hm-2,较同年的A处理分别显著(P<0.05)高出7.7%和2.1%;但在2019年,A处理的产量显著高于其他处理。与A处理相比,B、C处理在2019年的VC含量分别显著提高了72.2%和94.3%;B处理的花椰菜花球在2020年的硝酸盐含量显著降低了7.0%。经过3 a试验,与A处理相比,B、C处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性和有效磷含量显著升高;C处理的土壤速效钾含量显著下降,而全磷含量显著升高。较全量化肥而言,施用微生物菌肥不仅增加了有益微生物,如浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和被孢霉属(Mortierella)等的相对丰度,而且降低了病原菌,如油壶菌属(Olpidium)和小壶菌属(Spizellomyces)的相对丰度,降幅分别为2.98%~42.97%、80.69%~85.31%。综上所述,用适量的微生物菌肥替代部分化肥有助于提高土壤质量,平衡微生物区系,改善高原种植区花椰菜的品质,在本试验条件下,以B处理的效果最佳。

关键词: 花椰菜, 微生物菌肥, 土壤微生物, 土壤理化性质

Abstract:

In Yuzhong County, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China, a 3-year consecutive experiment was carried out from 2018 to 2020 to monitor the impact of replacing chemical fertilizers with microbial fertilizer on the yield, quality and soil environment of cauliflower. There were three treatments: A, full amount of chemical fertilizer (commonly used amount in local, 100% chemical fertilizer); B: microbial fertilizer (60 kg·hm-2)+60% amount of chemical fertilizer commonly used in local; C, microbial fertilizer (120 kg·hm-2)+40% amount of chemical fertilizer commonly used in local. The results showed that compared with treatment A, the yield of cauliflower under treatment B was 32.41, 33.61 t·hm-2 in 2018, 2020, respectively, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that under treatment A by 7.7% and 2.1%, respectively. But, in 2019, the yield of cauliflower under treatment A was significanly higher than that under other treatments. Compared with treatment A, the vitamin C content under treatment B and treatment C in 2019 was significantly higher by 72.2% and 94.3%, respectively, and the nitrate content of cauliflower under treatment B was significantly decreased by 7.0%. After the test for 3 years, the soil sucrase activity and available phosphorus content under treatments of B and C were significantly increased thant those under treatment A, while the soil available potassiumn content under treatment C was decreased significantly, yet the soil total phosphorus content was significantly increased. Compared with the treatment of full amount of chemical fertilizer, the relative abundance of soil beneficial microorganisms, such as Planctomycetota, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Mortierella, was increased, and the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria, such as Olpidium and Spizellomyces, was decreased by 2.98%-42.97% and 80.69%-85.31%, respectively. In summary, application of appropriate amount of microbial fertilizer in place of chemical fertilizers could improve soil quality, balance microflora, and improve the quality of cauliflower in plateau planting areas. Under test conditions of this test, treatment B showed the best effect.

Key words: cauliflower, microbial fertilizer, soil microorganisms, soil physiochemical property

中图分类号:

S606.2