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疏花水柏枝残存居群开花特性及繁育系统

花匠小妙招
2024-12-13 19:52

摘要:

通过野外调查及人工授粉实验，对三峡大坝下游宜昌点军胭脂坝残存疏花水柏枝（Myricaria laxiflora (Franch.) P. Y. Zhang et Y. J. Zhang）居群开花特性及繁育系统进行观测和研究。结果显示：（1）疏花水柏枝残存居群花期较长（9月至次年4月），群体盛花期为10-11月，单花花期2~7 d，单花雌雄蕊在时间和空间上有一定重叠，有利于自花授粉；（2）杂交指数（OCI）为2，花粉胚珠比（P/O）为329，均显示疏花水柏枝为兼性自交（异交）系统；（3）人工控制授粉实验结果表明，疏花水柏枝具有部分自交亲和性，但异交处理的结实率显著高于自交处理。推测该残存居群存在自交成分偏高的现象，保护措施应以减少人为干扰和保护生境为主，并加强对残存居群遗传多样性水平的监测。

Abstract:

Field investigations and artificial pollination experiments were conducted to explore the flowering characteristics and breeding system of the remnant Myricaria laxiflora (Franch.) P. Y. Zhang et Y. J. Zhang population in Dianjun Yanzhiba in Yichang, downstream of the Three Gorges Dam. Results showed that: (1) The flowering period of the M. laxiflora remnant population extended from September to April, with a peak blooming period from October to November and a single flower lifespan of two to seven days. The temporal and spatial overlap of the female and stamen structures within a single flower facilitated self-pollination. (2) The out-crossing index (OCI) was 2 and the pollen-ovule (P/O) ratio was 329, suggesting that M. laxiflora operates under a facultative autogamy (xenogamy) system. (3) Artificial pollination experiments demonstrated that while M. laxiflora exhibited partial self-compatibility, the rate of seed setting from cross-pollination significantly exceeded that of self-pollination. The study suggested that a high rate of self-crossing within the remnant population. Thus, conservation measures should be implemented to reduce human disturbance and protect the habitat and genetic diversity of the remnant populations should be subjected to ongoing surveillance.

图 1 疏花水柏枝单花开花动态及花（果）序

A：花被片闭合未开放，柱头高于花药；B：花被片微松开，柱头与花药齐；C：花开放初期，柱头与花药齐，花药部分开裂；D：花朵全开放，柱头高于花药，花药全部开裂；E：花朵开放后期，柱头显著高于花药，花药萎缩；F：花（果）序，未开花蕾，开放花朵，未熟果实及成熟果实，种子同时出现。

Figure 1. Flowering dynamics of single flower and inflorescence (infructescence) of Myricaria laxiflora

A: Perianth closed, stigma higher than anther; B: Tiny-opening perianth, stigma as high as anther; C: During early stage of flowering, stigma as high as anther, anthers partially dehisced; D: Fully opening flower, stigma higher than anther, all anthers dehisced; E: During later stage of flowering, stigma significantly higher than anther, anthers atrophic; F: Inflorescence (infructescence), flower buds, opening flowers, unripe fruit, ripe fruit, seeds appear simultaneously.

图 2 疏花水柏枝不同授粉处理试验结实率

1：自然授粉；2：自发自花授粉；3：人工异花授粉；4：人工自花授粉；5：自然异花授粉；6：自然异花授粉（套网袋）；7：去雄套袋。不同小写字母表示差异达到显著水平，P＜0.05。

Figure 2. Seed setting rate of Myricaria laxiflora under different pollination treatments

1: Natural pollination; 2: Autogamy selfing; 3: Artificial allogamy; 4: Artificial autogamy; 5: Natural allogamy; 6: Natural allogamy (mesh bag); 7: Emasculated and bagged. Different letters indicate significant difference, P<0.05.

表 1 疏花水柏枝花粉活力、柱头可授性及形态特征

Table 1 Vitality and morphological characteristics of pollen and stigma of Myricaria laxiflora

开花时间
Flowering time花粉活力
Pollen viability / %柱头可授性
Stigma receptivity柱头特征
Stigma characteristic 0花药未开裂－黄绿色，有黏液149.16±2.22＋黄绿色，有黏液245.15±3.40＋＋黄绿色，有黏液319.46±3.30＋＋黄绿色，有黏液4 9.85±4.56＋＋黄绿色，有黏液5 1.64±1.16＋黄绿色，有黏液60＋褐色，干缩70－褐色，干缩注：－表示柱头不具可授性，＋表示柱头具可授性，＋＋表示柱头可授性较强。Notes: － indicates stigmas are not receptive, ＋ indicates stigmas are receptive, ＋＋ indicates stigmas are highly receptive.

表 2 不同人工控制授粉结实率的方差分析

Table 2 Variance analysis of setting rates of different artificially controlled pollination

变异来源
Source of variation平方和
Sum of squares自由度
df均方
Mean squareF显著性
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