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播期与密度对油蔬两用型油菜中油杂19产量的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-12-18 20:20

摘要: 为了探讨播期、密度对油蔬两用型油菜产量及构成的影响，为其高产栽培提供参考，本文以中油杂19为试验对象，2020 ~ 2021年在典型的酸性红壤旱地开展摘薹方式、播期、密度三因素裂区试验，主区设置为蕾薹期摘主序和蕾薹期不摘薹，裂区为播期处理，分别为10月3日和10月13日（常规播期），副裂区为密度处理，行株距分别为30 cm×10 cm（33.3×105株·hm−2，D1），30 cm×12 cm（27.8×105株·hm−2，D2），30 cm×15 cm（22.2×105株·hm−2，D3），30 cm×20 cm（16.7×105株·hm−2，D4），分析不同处理下生育进程、菜薹产量、菜籽产量及构成的变化。结果表明，摘薹与未摘薹相比，初花期、终花期、成熟期推迟6 d ~ 15 d，株高、有效分枝部位高度分别显著降低10.6%、63.1%，茎增粗、一次有效分枝数分别增加7.89%、21.9%，单株角果数、每角果粒数基本不变，千粒重显著降低9.59%，油菜地上部干物质量和籽粒产量随着密度减小而降低，但降幅小于未摘薹处理；播期延后10 d，蕾薹期推迟达12 d，株高显著降低，茎粗显著减小；随密度减小，生育进程不受影响，薹粗、单株角果数显著增加，菜薹产量、地上部干物质量和菜籽产量显著降低。因此，油蔬两用型油菜中油杂19菜薹、菜籽产量受密度和播期共同影响，油蔬两用型油菜中油杂19栽培上提倡适当密植早播，从而兼顾菜薹和菜籽产量。

关键词: 油菜 / 油蔬两用 / 播期 / 密度 / 产量

Abstract: This study aims to clarify the effects of sowing date and density on yield and composition of rape, so as to provide a reference for local high-yield cultivation. In the rape season of 2020 ~ 2021, three factors including the young stem picking method, sowing date and density were carried out in a typical dryland of acidic red soil. The main plot was set as picking the main inflorescence at budding stage and no picking treatments. The two sowing dates of the split plot were October 3 and October 13. The four densities of the small split plot were 30 cm×10 cm（33.3×105 plant·hm−2, D1）, 30 cm×12 cm（27.8×105 plant·hm−2, D2）, 30 cm×15 cm（22.2×105 plant·hm−2, D3） and 30 cm×20 cm（16.7×105 plant·hm−2, D4）. The young stem yield, growth process, rape yield and its components under different treatments were investigated. The results showed that compared with no picking treatment, picking treatment postponed 6 to 15 days of the initial flowering stage, the final flowering and mature period; significantly reduced plant height and effective branch height by 10.6% and 63.1%; increased stem enlargement and the number of primary effective branches by 7.89% and 21.9%; the number of siliques per plant and seeds per siliques unchanged; and 1 000-seed weight significantly reduced 9.59%. The yield of aboveground dry matter and rapeseed decreased with the increasing density, but the amplitude was less than that of no picking treatment. When sowing date was delayed by 10 d, the growth process was delayed by 12 d, the plant height and stem diameter were decreased significantly. The decreasing density did not affect the growth process but significantly increased the young stem thickness and the number of scones per plant; however, shoot dry matter weight and rape yield were significantly decreased. Therefore, the rape Zhongyouza are affected by both density and sowing date, and its appropriate dense planting and early sowing date can satisfy both the young stem and rape yields.

表 1 摘薹方式、播期、密度对中油杂19生育进程的影响

Table 1 Effects of picking young stem method, seeding time and density on the development progress of Zhongyouza 19

播期
Seeding
time密度
Density摘薹（月/日）P1（m/d）未摘薹（月/日）P2（m/d）蕾薹期Bolting stage初花期Initial flowering stage终花期Final flowering stage成熟期Mature stage蕾薹期Bolting stage初花期Initial flowering stage终花期Final flowering stage成熟期Mature stageT1D11/073/34/15/161/072/183/225/10D21/073/34/15/161/072/183/225/10D31/073/34/15/161/072/183/225/10D41/073/34/15/161/072/183/225/10T2D11/193/54/25/171/192/183/225/10D21/193/54/25/171/192/183/225/10D31/193/54/25/171/192/183/225/10D41/193/54/25/171/192/183/225/10

表 2 播期、密度对中油杂19菜薹产量的影响

Table 2 Effects of seeding time and density on the young stem yields of Zhongyouza 19

播期
Seeding time密度
Density薹粗
Young stem thickness/cm菜薹产量
Young stem yield/（kg·hm−2）T1D11.41±0.04 b8 165±267 aD21.50±0.04 ab7 914±273 aD31.55±0.04 a6 933±327 bD41.59±0.03 a5 633±183 cT2D11.41±0.04 b7 965±288 aD21.49±0.02 ab7 669±272 aD31.53±0.05 a6 553±242 bD41.57±0.07 a5 351±211 c播种期（T）
Seeding timensns密度（D）
Density****T×Dnsns注：ns、*和**分别表示处理间无显著差异及在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。下同。Note: ns，* and** means no significant difference and significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels between treatments, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at 0.05 level (P<0.05). The same is as below.

表 3 摘薹方式、播期、密度对中油杂19农艺性状的影响

Table 3 Effects of picking young stem method, seeding time and density on the agronomic traits of Zhongyouza 19

播期
Seeding time密度
Density株高
Plant height/cm茎粗
Stem thickness/mm有效分枝高度
Effective branch position/cm一次有效分枝数
Number of first effective branchP1P2P1P2P1P2P1P2T1D1137±5.5 ef159±3.0 a16.1±0.5 ab14.5±0.58 c28.5±0.89 e77.6±3.05 a7.95±0.51 a6.47±0.21 bcD2138±3.0 ef159±2.2 a16.9±0.24 a15.1±0.37 bc29.4±4.80 e74.0±0.80 abcd7.91±0.21 a6.41±0.36 cD3142±1.3 de161±1.7 a16.8±0.96 a14.8±0.08 c28.6±0.58 e77.2±1.30 ab7.78±0.34 a6.33±0.18 cD4144±2.7 cd162±2.2 a16.5±1.27 a15.1±1.18 bc28.7±0.40 e76.6±0.79 abc7.69±1.03 a6.33±0.49 cT2D1135±3.6 f152±3.0 b14.1±0.35 c13.7±0.31 c26.6±1.46 e72.1±4.00 cd7.68±0.42 a6.28±0.62 cD2138±2.4 ef151±5.0 b14.8±0.47 bc14.0±0.19 c25.9±1.24 e72.4±3.20 cd7.62±0.29 a6.22±0.12 cD3137±2.5 ef149±4.9 bc14.4±0.45 c13.9±0.49 c25.7±0.62 e71.7±4.28 d7.61±0.22 a6.20±0.58 cD4140±2.5 def152±1.8 b14.8±1.28 c14.2±0.83 c26.1±1.34 e72.6±4.00 bcd7.23±0.20 ab6.18±0.42 c摘薹方式（P）
Picking young stem method**ns****播种期（T）
Seeding time*****ns密度（D）
DensitynsnsnsnsP×T**nsnsnsP×DnsnsnsnsT×DnsnsnsnsP×T×Dnsnsnsns

表 4 摘薹方式、播期、密度对中油杂19产量的影响

Table 4 Effects of picking young stem method, seeding time and density on yield of Zhongyouza 19

播期
Seeding time密度
Density地上部干物质量
Dry matter biomass of
aboveground/(kg·hm−2)菜籽产量
Rapeseed yield/
(kg·hm−2)收获指数
Harvest index/
%P1P2P1P2P1P2T1D110 354±229 a10 259±313 a2 235±47.8 ab2 328±85.6 a23.4±0.56 g25.3±0.6 abcdeD210 203±366 ab10 129±366 ab2 221±77.7 ab2 311±80.1 a24.0±0.32 fg25.6±0.24 abcdD39 662±321 bc9 385±320 cd2 142±68.8 bc2 136±88.1 bc24.6±0.14 ef25.9±0.25 abcD48 938±283 d8 204±304 e2 022±74.4 cd1 922±82.7 de24.9±0.23 de26.2±0.12 aT2D110 329±371 a10 272±436 a2 210±90.9 ab2 335±94.4 a23.2±0.10 g25.1±0.34 cdeD29 970±338 ab10 010±388 ab2 199±89.3 ab2 290±78.6 a23.8±0.86 fg25.5±0.26 abcdeD39 285±313 cd8 974±181 d2 052±70.7 cd2 102±83.3 bc24.7±0.35 def26.0±0.96 abD48 096±297 e7 910±199 e1 879±68.7 e1 860±85.8 e25.2±0.21 bcde26.1±0.83 ab摘薹方式（P）
Picking young stem method*ns*播种期（T）
Seeding timensnsns密度（D）Density******P×TnsnsnsP×Dns*nsT×DnsnsnsP×T×Dnsnsns

表 5 摘薹方式、播期、密度对中油杂19产量构成的影响

Table 5 Effects of picking young stem method, seeding time and density on the yield components of Zhongyouza 19

播期
Seeding time密度
Density单株角果数
Number of silique per plant/个每角果粒数
Seeds per silique/粒千粒重
Thousand seed weight/gP1P2P1P2P1P2T1D1109±6. 1e109±5.6 e21.5±0.99 a21.2±0.80 a4.07±0.04 a4.52±0.09 abD2125±8.9 d127±6.1 d21.5±0.88 a21.6±0.74 a4.06±0.05 a4.52±0.05 abD3153±7.7 c147±7.3 c21.6±0.13 a21.5±0.31 a4.04±0.03 a4.55±0.04 aD4185±4.9 a176±7.9 ab22.1±0.40 a21.7±0.91 a4.07±0.04 a4.50±0.05 abT2D1106±4.8 e109±9.2 e21.1±0.83 a20.8±0.60 a4.05±0.05 a4.48±0.06 abD2128±7.9 d123±2.0 d20.5±0.78 a21.1±0.67 a4.06±0.02 a4.47±0.09 abD3148±7.6 c146±5.5 c21.0±0.44 a21.6±0.93 a4.10±0.03 a4.46±0.05 bD4173±7.9 b172±3.2 b21.4±0.32 a21.3±1.57 a4.09±0.03 a4.49±0.03 ab摘薹方式（P）
Picking young stem methodnsns**播种期（T）
Seeding timensnsns密度（D）
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