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山茶Camellia japonica Linn.

花匠小妙招
2024-12-24 06:31

山茶Camellia japonica Linn.

别名：camellia;白秧茶;曼陀罗树;海棠花;宫粉花;宫粉茶;宝珠山茶;白洋茶;耐冬;山茶花;包珠花;日本山茶;晚山茶;红山茶;茶花;一捻红;石榴茶;山秧茶;千叶红;日本红山茶;

科名：山茶科 Theaceae

属名：山茶属 Camellia

《中国植物志》第49(3)卷087页
  104. 山茶（本草纲目）茶花（广群芳谱）图版20：4-5
  Camellia japonica Linn. Sp. Pl. 2: 698. 1753; Sealy Rev. Gen. Camellia 175. 1958.——Thea camellia Hoffm Verz. Pflz. 117. 1824.——Thea. japonica (L.) Baill. Hist. Pl. 4: 229. 1873.——Thea japonica var. spontanea Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 22: 160. 1908.——Thea japonica var. hortensis Makino l. c——Thea hozanensis Hayata Ic. Pl. Formos. 7: 2. fig. 2. 1918.
  灌木或小乔木，高9米，嫩枝无毛。叶革质，椭圆形，长5-10厘米，宽2.5-5厘米，先端略尖，或急短尖而有钝尖头，基部阔楔形，上面深绿色，干后发亮，无毛，下面浅绿色，无毛，侧脉7-8对，在上下两面均能见，边缘有相隔2-3.5厘米的细锯齿。叶柄长8-15毫米，无毛。花顶生，红色，无柄；苞片及萼片约10片，组成长约2.5-3厘米的杯状苞被，半圆形至圆形，长4-20毫米，外面有绢毛，脱落；花瓣6-7片，外侧2片近圆形，几离生，长2厘米，外面有毛，内侧5片基部连生约8毫米，倒卵圆形，长3-4.5厘米，无毛；雄蕊3轮，长约2.5-3厘米，外轮花丝基部连生，花丝管长1.5厘米，无毛；内轮雄蕊离生，稍短，子房无毛，花柱长2.5厘米，先端3裂。蒴果圆球形，直径2.5-3厘米，2-3室，每室有种子1-2个，3爿裂开，果爿厚木质。花期1-4月。
  四川、台湾、山东、江西等地有野生种，国内各地广泛栽培，品种繁多，花大多数为红色或淡红色，亦有白色，多为重瓣。在红色山茶组里，它是少数几个子房秃净的代表之一供观赏，花有止血功效，种子榨油，供工业用。
形态特征：灌木或小乔木，高至15米。叶倒卵形或椭圆形，长5-10厘米，宽2-6厘米，短钝渐尖，基部楔形，有细锯齿，叶干后带黄色；叶柄长8-15毫米。花单生于叶腋或枝顶，大红色，花瓣5-6个，栽培品种有白、淡红等色，且多重瓣，顶端有凹缺；花丝无毛；子房无毛，花柱顶端3裂。蒴果近球形，直径2.2-3.2厘米。
分布：各地均有
生境：栽培
繁殖方式：种子
习性：阳生
药用部位：花
药用功能：痈疽疮疖、尿路感染、痢疾
药用主治：用于收敛止血

《Flora of China》 Vol. 12 (2007)
Camellia japonica Linnaeus
山茶 shan cha
Shrubs or trees, 1.5-6(-11) m tall. Young branches grayish brown; current year branchlets purplish brown, glabrous. Petiole 5-10 mm, glabrous or adaxially pubescent; leaf blade broadly elliptic, elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 5-10.5(-12) × 2.5-6(-7) cm, leathery, abaxially pale green and brown glandular punctate, adaxially dark green, both surfaces glabrous, midvein yellowish green, thick, and elevated on both surfaces, secondary veins 6-9 on each side of midvein, slender, and visible on both surfaces, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin serrulate, apex shortly acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers axillary or subterminal, solitary or paired, 6-10 cm in diam., subsessile. Bracteoles and sepals ca. 9, green at anthesis; outer 4 bracteoles and sepals lunate to semiorbicular, 2-5 mm, glabrous, subglabrous, or grayish white velutinous; inner bracteoles and sepals green, persistent to young fruit, orbicular to broadly ovate, 1-2 cm, thinly leathery, both surfaces grayish white velutinous or subglabrous, margin membranous. Petals 6 or 7 but often more for cultivars, rose or white, obovate to broadly obovate, 3-4.5 × 1.5-2.5 cm, apex emarginate; inner 5 petals basally connate for 0.5-1.5 cm. Stamens 2.5-3.5 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for 1.5-2.5 cm. Gynoecium ca. 3 cm, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 3-loculed; style ca. 2.8 cm, apically 3-lobed. Capsule globose, 2.5-4.5 cm in diam., 3-loculed with 1 or 2 seeds per locule; pericarp 5-8 mm thick when dry, woody. Seeds brown, semiglobose to globose, 1-2 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Jan-Mar, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30, 45, 75.
Forests; 300-1100 m. Shandong, Taiwan, E Zhejiang [S Japan, S Korea].