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不同水分条件下磷肥运筹对小麦籽粒淀粉粒理化性状的影响

花匠小妙招
2024-12-26 06:59

摘要:

目的小麦淀粉理化性质不仅受品种基因型控制，也受环境生态因素与栽培措施的影响。探究不同水分条件下磷肥运筹对小麦籽粒淀粉粒理化特性的影响，可为科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。

方法选用‘新冬20号’为试材，分别设置花后干旱胁迫(DT，灌水量为 5625 m3/hm2 ) 和适水灌溉(WT，灌水量为 9000 m3/hm2)两个水分处理，每个水分条件下分别设置3种磷肥(P2O5 105 kg/hm2) 施用方式：P1 (小麦返青期一次性施用)、P2 (小麦返青和拔节期分别追施 50%)、P3 (小麦返青、拔节和灌浆期分别按 40%、30%和30%比例追施)。于小麦成熟后收获籽粒，提取淀粉粒并测定平均粒径、直支比、晶体结构、酶解特性、热特性和糊化特性。

结果 DTP1和DTP2处理的淀粉粒平均粒径比WTP1和WTP2处理分别降低5.92%和7.61%，而DTP3处理比WTP3处理则升高13.29%；DT条件下淀粉粒平均粒径表现为P3>P2>P1，而WT条件下表现为P2>P1>P3。DT条件下，不同磷运筹之间直支比差异不显著；WT条件下，直支比表现为P1>P2>P3。不同的水分条件并未明显改变淀粉粒基本形态，DT条件下表面破损淀粉粒数量多于WT，其中DTP3处理下表面破损的淀粉粒数量最多。WTP3处理的淀粉粒具有较多的淀粉微通道。DT条件下P1和P2处理的淀粉粒内部通道蛋白数量低于P3处理；WT条件下，P2处理的淀粉粒内部通道蛋白数量最少，P3处理最多。DT条件下P1、P2和P3处理的结晶度分别比WT条件下相应的处理增加66.50%、0.55%和46.20%。关于淀粉，起始温度各处理间以WTP3最高，WTP1最低；DTP3峰值温度显著低于WTP3；对于终止温度，WT条件下各处理间差异显著，其中P3最高，P1最低；对于热焓值，DTP2和DTP3均高于相应的WT处理。DTP3/WTP3组内的糊化参数有5项达到显著差异，DTP2/WTP2组内糊化参数有3项达到显著差异，DTP1/WTP1组内仅有1项糊化参数达到显著差异。相关分析表明，平均粒径与崩解值呈显著正相关，淀粉总量与结晶度呈极显著正相关，淀粉直/支值仅与终值粘度呈显著正相关，籽粒千粒重与糊化温度呈显著负相关，籽粒磷含量对淀粉糊化特性有显著负效应，结晶度与淀粉低谷粘度、终值粘度均呈显著正相关。

结论干旱胁迫下磷肥分3次施用(小麦返青、拔节和灌浆期分别按 40%、30%和30%比例追施)，相对于其他施磷方式可显著提高胚乳淀粉粒平均粒径，增加内部通道蛋白数量，返青期一次施磷相对于其他施磷方式可显著提高胚乳淀粉粒结晶度。正常灌溉时，返青期一次施磷可显著提高胚乳淀粉粒的直支比。籽粒中磷含量与糊化特性存在显著相关性，因此在生产上可通过调节水分和选择在不同生育期按不同比例施磷来生产不同加工品质的小麦。

关键词: 小麦 / 磷肥运筹 / 花后干旱 / 淀粉 / 理化性质

Abstract:

Objectives The physical and chemical properties of wheat starch are not only controlled by genetype of varieties, but also affected by environmental ecological factors and cultivation measures. Studying the effects of different water conditions and application of phosphate fertilizer on the physicochemical properties of wheat grain starch can provide a theoretical basis for scientific application of phosphate fertilizer.

Methods Field experiments were carried out using a high yield winter wheat cultivar of Xindong20 in Xinjiang. The two water conditions were drought stress (DT, total irrigation amount of 5625 m3/hm2) and suitable water irrigation (WT, total irrigation amount of 9000 m3/hm2). Under each water condition, three phosphate fertilizer managements were set: P1 (applying all P fertilizer at wheat regreening stage of winter wheat), P2 (applying 50% P fertilizer at regreening stage and 50% at jointing stage), and P3 (applying 40% at regreening stage, 30% at jointing stage and 30% at grain filling stage). The grain starch granules were extracted for the determination of average diameter, ratio of amylose to amylopectin, crystal structure, enzymatic hydrolysis, thermal properties and gelatinization properties.

Results Compared with WTP1 treatment, the average diameter of starch granules in DTP1 treatment was reduced by 5.92%. In DTP2 treatment was 7.61% lower (P<0.05) than that in WTP2 treatment. While, in DTP3 treatment was 13.29% higher (P<0.05) than that in WTP3 treatment. The average diameter of starch grains was P3>P2>P1 under DT condition, and P2>P1>P3 under WT condition. Under WT condition, the ratio of amylose to amylopectin was P1>P2>P3. Different moisture conditions did not significantly change the basic morphology of starch granules. The number of surface damaged starch granules under DT conditions was more than that of WT, among which DTP3 treatment had the largest number of surface damaged starches. WTP3 treated starch granules had more starch microchannels. Under DT conditions, the number of channel proteins treated with P1 and P2 was lower than that of P3 treatment; under WT conditions, the number of channel proteins treated with P2 was the least, and the amount of channel proteins treated with P3 was the most. The crystallinity of DTP1、DTP2 and DTP3 treatment increased by 66.50%, 0.55% and 46.20%, respectively, compared with the corresponding WT treatments. The results showed that the onset temperature of WTP3 treatment was the highest, and WTP1 treatment was the lowest. DTP3 significantly (P<0.05) reduces peak temperature compared to WTP3 treatment. For the conclusion temperature, the difference among the treatments under WT condition was significant, P3 was the highest and P1 was the lowest. For the gelatinization enthalpy, DTP2 treatment and DTP3 treatment were both higher (P<0.05) than the corresponding WT treatments. In this study, five items of gelatinization parameters in the DTP3/WTP3 group reached significant (P<0.05) differences. Three items of gelatinization parameters in the DTP2/WTP2 group reached significant differences, only one gelatinization parameter reached significant difference in DTP1/WTP1 group. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant (P<0.05) positive correlation between the average diameter and the breakdown (BD) value. The total amount of starch was significantly positively correlated with the crystallinity. The ratio of amylose/amylopectin was only significantly positively correlated with final viscosity (FV). There was a significant negative correlation between 1000 grains weight and gelatinization temperature. Grain phosphorus content had a significant negative effect on starch gelatinization characteristics. The crystallinity was significantly positively correlated with the trough viscosity (TV) and FV of starch.

Conclusions Under drought stress, split application of phosphorus fertilizer in three times (applying 40% at regreening stage, 30% at jointing stage and 30% at grain filling stage), compared with other phosphorus application methods, can significantly increase the average diameter of endosperm starch grains, and the number of micropores and internal channel proteins on the surface of endosperm starch grains. Compared with other phosphorus application methods, applying all the phosphorus fertilizer at regreening stage can significantly improve the crystallinity of starch grains in the endosperm. Under normal irrigation, applying all the phosphorus fertilizer at regreening stage can significantly increase ratio of amylose to amylopectin of starch grains in endosperm. There is a significant correlation between phosphorus content in grains and gelatinization characteristics. Therefore, different processing qualities of wheat can be obtained in production by adjusting water condition and phosphorus fertilizer proportions in different growth periods.

图 1 不同水分和磷肥运筹方式下小麦籽粒淀粉粒微观结构

注：白色箭头表示通过颗粒内的通道连接到外部的短通道或空腔。G—汞溴红; C—CBQCA。DT—花后干旱; WT—花后正常灌溉。 P1、P2和P3分别表示磷肥分1次、2次和3次追施。

Figure 1. Microstructure of wheat starch granules under different water and phosphorus management practices

Note: The white arrows indicate short channels and/or cavities connected to the exterior by channels within the granules. G—Merbromin; C—CBQCA; DT—Drought since flowering; WT—Normal water condition since flowering. P1, P2 and P3 represent all P fertilizers was topdressed in one, two and three times, respectively.

图 2 不同水分和磷肥运筹方式下淀粉粒的X-射线衍射图谱

注：DT—花后干旱；WT—花后正常灌溉。P1、P2、P3分别表示磷肥分1次、2次、3次追施。图柱旁不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Figure 2. Crystal structure of starch granules under different water and phosphorus management practices

Note: DT—Drought since flowering stage, WT—Normal water condition since flowering stage. P1, P2 and P3 represent that the P fertilizer were topdressed in one, two and three times, respectively. Different small letters beside the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05).

表 1 不同水分和磷肥施用方式下小麦籽粒淀粉粒径、直/支值和还原糖含量

Table 1 Average diameter, amylose/amylopectin ratio and reducing sugar content of grain starch granules of wheat under different water and phosphorus management practices

水分处理
Water treatment磷肥处理
P fertilizer treatment淀粉粒径 (μm)
Starch diameter直/支[20]
Amylose/Amylopectin还原糖浓度 (μg/mL)
Reducing sugar concentration 花后干旱 DT
P1 18.58 e 0.54 a131.90 aP2 18.94 d 0.52 ab 62.29 dP3 20.12 b 0.52 ab 69.00 cd花后正常灌溉 WT
P1 19.75 c 0.53 a106.87 bP2 20.50 a 0.52 ab114.81 bP3 17.76 f 0.51 b 81.83 cF 值 F value水分 Water (W) 564.85**2.42 7.38**磷肥 P fertilizer (P)7685.15**4.66*152.32**水分×磷肥 W×P55603.73** 0.43 112.43** 注：P1、P2、P3分别表示磷肥分1次、2次、3次追施。同列数据后不同小写字母表示在5%水平差异显著; *—P < 0.05，**—P < 0.01.
Note：DT—Drought since flowering stage, WT—Normal water condition since flowering stage. P1, P2 and P3 represent that the P fertilizer was topdressed in one, two and three times, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are signiﬁcantly different at the 0.05 level; *—P < 0.05, **—P < 0.01.

表 2 不同水分和磷肥运筹方式下小麦淀粉粒热力学参数

Table 2 Thermodynamic parameters of wheat starches granules under different water and phosphorus management practices

水分处理
Water treatment磷肥处理
P fertilizer treatment起始温度 (T0, °C)
Onset temperature峰值温度 (TP, °C)
Peak temperature终止温度 (TC, °C)
Conclusion temperature热焓值 (ΔH, J/g)
Gelatinization enthalpy 花后干旱 DTP1 60.85 c 64.98 d 69.16 d 9.80 bcP2 61.55 b 66.12 b 70.20 b 10.32 aP3 61.30 bc 65.40 cd 69.54 cd 9.92 b花后正常灌溉 WTP1 59.13 d 62.95 e 67.55 e 9.64 bcP2 61.30 bc 65.58 c 69.82 bc 9.40 cP3 66.36 a 70.35 a 74.62 a 8.41 dF 值 F value水分 Water (W)284.13** 51.29* 61.07*210.25**磷处理 P application (P)187.84**271.99**159.53** 15.24**水分×磷处理 W×P158.44**240.33**145.68** 12.79** 注：P1、P2、P3分别表示磷肥分1次、2次、3次追施。同列数据后不同小写字母表示在5%水平差异显著; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01.
Note: DT—Drought since flowering stage; WT—Normal water condition since flowering stage. P1, P 2 and P3 represent that the P fertilizer was topdressed in one, two and three times, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are signiﬁcantly different at the 0.05 level. *—P < 0.05; **— < 0.01.

表 3 不同水分和磷肥运筹方式下小麦淀粉糊化特性

Table 3 Pasting properties of wheat starch granules under different water and phosphorus management practices

水分
Water treatment磷肥处理
P fertilizer treatment峰值粘度 (cP)
Peak viscosity崩解值 (cP)
Breakdown value低谷粘度 (cP)
Trough viscosity终值粘度 (cP)
Final viscosity回生值 (cP)
Set-back value糊化温度 (°C)
Pasting temperature 花后干旱 DTP12455.67 ab533.00 bc1922.67 a3175.00 a1252.33 ab70.42 cP22340.00 c482.00 c1858.00 b3075.00 bc1217.00 b88.03 aP32486.67 ab647.00 a1839.67 b3174.00 a1334.33 a86.63 b花后正常灌溉 WTP12533.33 a654.67 a1878.67 ab3143.67 ab1265.00 ab70.70 cP22404.67 bc618.00 a1786.67 c2992.00 cd1205.33 b70.18 cP32350.67 c596.33 ab1754.33 c2946.67 d1192.33 b70.45 cF 值 F value水分 Water (W)0.0249.20*64.59*18.075.527895.41**磷处理 P treatment (P)16.22**5.97*27.99**12.71**2.31454.87**水分×磷处理 W×P15.29**12.33**1.067.46*4.79*499.74** 注：P1、P2、P3分别表示磷肥分1次、2次、3次追施。同列数据后不同小写字母表示在5%水平差异显著; *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01.
Note: DT—Drought since flowering stage; WT—Normal water condition since flowering stage. P1, P2 and P3 represent that the P fertilizer was topdressed in one, two and three times, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are signiﬁcantly different at the 0.05 level. *—P < 0.05; **—P < 0.01.

表 4 小麦淀粉粒相关参数与糊化特性的相关分析

Table 4 Correlation of granule diameter, amylose and amylopectin ratio, crystallinity with pasting properties of wheat starch

参数
Parameter峰值粘度
Peak
viscosity
(cP)崩解值
Breakdown
value
(cP)低谷粘度
Trough
viscosity
(cP)终值粘度
Final
viscosity
(cP)回生值
Set-back
value
(cP)糊化温度
Pasting
temperature
(°C)热焓值
Gelatinization
enthalpy
(ΔH, J/g)结晶度
Crystallinity 平均粒径
Average diameter0.460.473*0.0560.2550.3630.1670.416–0.029淀粉总量
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