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固沙植被景观格局变化及其影响因子

花匠小妙招
2024-12-26 18:04

摘要:

目的植物固沙作为重要的防沙治沙手段，在中国北方沙区生态重建与恢复工作中应用已60余年。了解不同固沙植被的景观格局动态及影响因子，可以为沙区的植被建设提供依据。

方法本文通过中国植被图数据，选取了以蒿属（褐沙蒿和黑沙蒿为主）、锦鸡儿属（中间锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿为主）、榆树和樟子松为优势种的典型植被，在四大沙地（毛乌素、浑善达克、科尔沁和呼伦贝尔沙地）内的分布区域，采用景观脆弱度指数和地理探测器模型，分析了其在1990—2015年间景观格局变化及其影响因子。

结果蒿属和锦鸡儿属灌丛总体呈扩张趋势且逐渐稳定，景观格局主要受年降水量的影响（贡献率分别为 0.31、0.41），榆树疏林和人工樟子松林表现出衰退趋势，其主要影响因子分别是土地覆盖（贡献率为 0.34）和生长季气温（贡献率为 0.24）。

结论在未来可能的气候条件下，蒿属灌丛和锦鸡儿属灌丛能够稳定存在并继续发挥其防风固沙的生态功能；榆树疏林和人工樟子松林可能会发生进一步退化，在植被建设工程中需要根据沙区气候条件合理选择树种并加强管理。

Abstract:

ObjectiveIntroducing and establishing sand-binding vegetation, as one of the important approaches for combating desertification, has already applied in the ecological restoration and recovery in northern China for more than 60 years. Study on the dynamics of landscape patterns of sand-blinding vegetation and their influencing factors is thus a crucial requirement for guiding and establishing sand-binding vegetation.

MethodBased on vegetation map, this paper selects several typical vegetation types with varied dominant species (Artemisia sp., Caragana sp., Ulmus sp., and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in four sandy lands (Mu Us, Otindag, Horqin and Hulun Buir sandy lands). We explored their landscape pattern dynamics during 1990 –2015 by the landscape vulnerability index (LVI), and detected their influencing factors by the geodetector method.

ResultOver the study period (1990–2015), the Artemisia sp. and Caragana sp. shrublands showed stable expanding trends, and the average annual precipitation was the main factor influencing their landscape patterns (contribution ratio q = 0.31 and 0.41, respectively); Ulmus sp. and artificial P. sylvestris var. mongolica forestlands showed declining trends, and the land use and cover change (q = 0.34) and average annual air temperature in growth season (q = 0.24) were the main driving factors, respectively.

ConclusionThe results indicate that, the Artemisia sp. and Caragana sp. shrublands could continue to play their ecological service for wind break and sand-fixation, whilst the Ulmus sp. and the artificial P. sylvestris var. mongolica forestlands could seriously degrade under the projected climate change.

图 1 四大沙地区位及其典型植被分布

Figure 1. Location and typical vegetation distribution of the four sandy lands in northern China

图 2 四大沙地典型植被不同盖度斑块数量

MU、OT、HO和HU和分别代表毛乌素、浑善达克、科尔沁和呼伦贝尔沙地,下同。MU, Mu Us Sandy Land; OT, Otindag Sandy Land; HO, Horqin Sandy Land; HU, Hulunbuir Sandy Land, same as below.

Figure 2. Patch number of different coverage for typical vegetation in four sandy lands

图 3 沙地典型植被盖度动态图

Figure 3. Coverage change pattern for typical vegetation in four sandy lands

图 4 沙地典型植被景观脆弱度指数

Figure 4. Landscape vulnerability index of typicalvegetation in four sandy lands

图 5 沙地典型植被覆盖度影响因子的贡献率

LUCC.土地覆盖变化；PRE.多年平均降水量；TEM.多年平均气温；GST.多年平均生长季气温；DEM.海拔；SLO.坡度；ASP.坡向。LUCC, land use and land cover change; PRE, average annual precipitation; TEM, average annual air temperature; GST, average annual air temperature in growth season; DEM, digital elevation model; SLO, slope degree; ASP, slope aspect.

Figure 5. Contribution rate of influencing factors on typical vegetation coverage in sandy lands

表 1 沙地典型植被覆盖度分级

Table 1 Coverage grading of typical vegetationin four sandy lands

等级
Grade等级代码
Grade code植被覆盖度
Fraction of vegetation coverage 低度 LowⅠ≤ 10%中低 Low-mediumⅡ10% ~ 20%中度 MediumⅢ20% ~ 40%中高 Medium-highⅣ40% ~ 60%高度 HighⅤ≥ 60%

表 2 1990—2015年沙地典型植被分布区土地覆盖转移面积比例

Table 2 LUCC change proportion of typical vegetation distributing area in sandy lands from 1990 to 2015 %

变化方式
Change type蒿属灌丛
Artemisia sp. shrub锦鸡儿属灌丛
Caragana sp. shrub榆树疏林
Ulmus sp. sparse forest樟子松林
P. sylvestris var. mongolica forest 未变化
Unchanged75.5680.1169.5790.83非植被到植被
Non-vegetation to vegetation11.729.0713.315.98植被到非植被
Vegetation to non-vegetation12.7110.8817.123.19

表 3 沙地典型植被景观格局指数

Table 3 Landscape-level index of typical vegetation in sandy lands

典型植被
Typical vegetation沙地
Sandy land景观指数
Landscape index年份 Year199019952000200520102015 蒿属灌丛
Artemisia sp. shrub 呼伦贝尔HU ED 110.40 131.27 169.84 129.40 129.46 65.63 LSI 32.41 37.90 46.11 37.10 37.54 19.47 AI 85.00 82.21 78.38 82.91 82.49 91.49 科尔沁HO ED 136.08 179.55 163.03 128.42 207.69 62.65 LSI 163.25 211.00 193.84 154.08 214.69 75.53 AI 80.38 74.94 76.82 81.44 74.42 91.12 毛乌素MU ED 149.96 175.76 316.05 137.05 219.45 77.44 LSI 444.88 562.93 527.99 418.64 605.43 259.11 AI 82.89 76.08 70.11 84.31 74.07 88.90 锦鸡儿属灌丛
Caragana sp. shrub 科尔沁HO ED 104.99 129.83 186.65 138.22 312.31 106.59 LSI 90.20 106.89 118.79 121.11 155.30 95.03 AI 86.70 83.03 80.60 80.99 67.88 86.78 浑善达克OT ED 150.47 170.65 142.26 119.91 129.35 65.24 LSI 284.11 345.79 279.93 235.75 274.62 198.22 AI 82.74 76.77 80.88 84.24 81.29 90.75 毛乌素MU ED 78.10 152.78 219.85 66.04 196.63 57.08 LSI 105.57 214.65 148.85 87.32 189.13 81.32 AI 91.83 78.01 81.45 92.93 82.56 91.97 榆树疏林
Ulmus sp. sparse forest 呼伦贝尔HU ED 193.15 208.27 175.02 331.82 61.54 44.66 LSI 40.74 43.83 36.25 67.47 33.05 39.47 AI 72.93 70.75 76.80 54.85 92.17 94.72 科尔沁HO ED 128.65 160.35 160.77 131.81 199.61 64.80 LSI 383.49 383.49 453.29 394.24 505.40 194.30 AI 81.48 77.34 78.62 80.84 76.28 90.75 浑善达克OT ED 171.83 193.17 135.80 90.54 142.63 96.99 LSI 242.50 315.41 291.63 262.77 237.54 215.34 AI 81.25 72.53 80.58 87.33 79.38 86.14 樟子松林
P. sylvestris var. mongolica forest 呼伦贝尔HU ED 104.85 114.32 129.61 166.78 87.85 96.16 LSI 107.82 117.56 133.24 170.99 87.13 98.75 AI 84.93 83.53 81.22 75.83 87.62 86.33 科尔沁HO ED 97.00 171.74 182.92 183.06 248.81 98.13 LSI 28.96 47.12 47.79 55.11 61.44 29.85 AI 87.90 79.85 79.02 74.78 69.84 86.82 浑善达克OT ED 115.30 47.57 109.45 108.14 127.45 112.27 LSI 40.88 17.00 39.06 38.47 45.32 41.69 AI 83.58 93.59 84.45 84.65 81.70 83.90 注：ED.景观边缘密度；LSI.景观形状指数；AI.聚集度。Notes: ED, landscape edge density；LSI, landscape shape index；AI, aggregation index. [1]

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