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川西亚高山不同林龄云杉人工林林地水源涵养能力比较研究

花匠小妙招
2025-01-03 00:30

摘要: 以广泛分布在川西亚高山地区的云杉人工林为研究对象，针对不同林龄(20年，30年和40年)林地地被物和土壤的水文特征开展了比较研究，以探讨林龄对云杉人工林林地水文特征的影响。结果表明，随着林龄的增长，云杉人工林乔木生物量随之增加；灌木盖度显著升高，而草本则降低；灌、草的生物多样性均呈现非线性变化趋势，即先降低再升高；同时，林地地被物中，苔藓仍占据了主导的水文作用，其蓄积量呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势，但最大持水率和最大持水量无显著变化；而枯落物的最大持水率、最大持水量均随之显著增加。这与随着林龄增长而发生改变的林下光照和大气、土壤湿度有关。最后，在林地生物多样性增加、灌木盖度增加以及苔藓蓄积量增加等多重因素的影响下，林地土壤密度也随之降低。可见，随着林龄的增长，密度2 300/hm2左右的云杉人工林，不但群落结构逐渐复杂、土壤质地逐步改善，进而林地水文效应也随之增强，林龄在更长时间尺度对林地水文效应的影响情况还有待于我们进一步的观测研究。

Abstract: Mountain forest in Western Sichuan is an important part of water conservation forests in Southwest of China, and Picea asperata Mast. plantation is one of main types. Clarifying its water conservation capacity and its influencing factors are very important to regional ecological security. In order to explore the effects of forest age on ground cover and soil hydrological function of Picea asperata Mast. plantation in the sub-alpine region of western Sichuan, a comparative study was carried out. The Moss, litter and soil samples of Picea asperata Mast. forest at different ages (20-year-old, 30-year -old and 40-year-old) were investigated and sampled, then the hydrological function of those samples were analyzed. The result showed that (1) tree biomass and shrub coverage increased, but grass coverage decreased with increasing plantation age. Shannon-weiner index of shrub and grass both firstly deceased and then increased. (2) Meanwhile, hydrological function of moss played a dominant role in forest ground cover, and the moss accumulated mass (CM) firstly deceased and then increased, but there were no significant difference on maximum water holding rate (MWHR) and maximum water holding capacity (MWHC). However, MWHR and MWHC of litter increased significantly with forest ages, and maybe this was related to changed light, atmosphere and soil humidity conditions with increasing forest ages. (3) Finally, soil density decreased with increasing forest age, mainly due to the increase of forest biodiversity, shrub coverage and moss accumulation. (4) In summary, community structure of Picea asperata Mast. plantation with 2 300 plants per hectare was gradually complicated, soil texture was gradually improved, and hydrological effects were also enhanced. A long-term study is needed to further investigate the Picea asperata Mast. plantation age effects on hydrological and ecological function.

图 1 不同林龄云杉人工林的苔藓和枯落物最大持水率、蓄积量和最大持水量

Figure 1. Maximal water holding rate (MWHR), cumulated mass (CM) and maximal water holding capacity (MWHC) of moss and litters from Picea asperata Mast. plantataion at different ages

表 1 云杉人工林样地特征

Table 1 Information on sample plots of Picea asperata Mast. plantation in Miyaluo

人工林林龄
Plantation age海拔/m
Elevation优势树种
Dominant tree species密度/(株·hm−2)
density林龄/a
density坡向
Slope direction坡度/°
Gradient郁闭度
Canopy density 20年20 years old3 310云杉2 35020NE100.8530年30 years old3 400云杉2 30030NE100.8540年40 years old3 450云杉2 10045NE200.8

表 2 不同林龄云杉人工林林分生长特征

Table 2 Growth characteristics of Picea asperata Mast. Plantation at different ages in Miyaluo

人工林林龄
Plantation age乔木层 tree layer林下层 understory胸径/cm
DBH高度/cm
Height胸高断面积/cm2
Basal area灌木盖度/%
Coverage
of shrub草本盖度/%
Coverage
of grass灌木生物多样性
Shannon-Weiner
index of shrub草本生物多样性
Shannon-Weiner
index of grass 20年20 years old10.43±1.02c6.82±0.65c85.40±0.81c2.50±0.97b55.33±1.67a1.81±0.28a0.88±0.24ab30年30 years old12.88±1.15b8.30±0.67b130.33±1.04b1.25±0.25b47.50±3.88b1.40±0.5b0.86±0.26b40年40 years old15.36±2.22a11.88±0.73a185.21±3.86a16.17±1.65a41.33±2.14c1.83±0.27a1.00±0.22a 　　注：不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) Note: Different small letters indicated significant difference at 0.05 level.

表 3 不同林龄云杉人工林林下土壤密度和持水量的方差分析

Table 3 ANOVA anyalysis results of soil bulk density and water holding capacity of Picea asperata Mast. plantation at different ages

人工林林龄
Plantation age土壤最大持水量
MWHC/(g·cm−3)毛管持水量
CWHC/(g·cm−3)土壤最小持水量
LWHC/(g·cm−3)土壤密度
bulk density/(g·cm−3) 20年20 years old0.62±0.06a0.53±0.08a0.51±0.08a1.14±0.12a30年30 years old0.63±0.06a0.56±0.06a0.53±0.05a1.13±0.12a40年40 years old0.63±0.09a0.57±0.10a0.55±0.09a0.99±0.15b 　　*P<0.05; **P<0.01；MWHC：maximal water holding capacity；CWHC：capillary water holding capacity；LWHC：least water holding capacity； [1]

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