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氮肥减量施用对我国三大粮食作物产量的影响

花匠小妙招
2025-01-03 06:38

摘要：

【目的】探讨氮肥减施对我国三大粮食作物产量的影响及其与土壤性质和管理措施的关系，明确氮肥减施的可行性。【方法】收集2010—2021年公开发表的90篇论文，按照氮肥减施的比例、种植体系及其在不同条件下（肥料类型、土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、土壤酸碱度以及水分管理等）的作物产量效应进行分析。【结果】在常规施肥的基础上，氮肥减施0—40%没有显著降低水稻产量，氮肥减施0—30%没有显著影响小麦和玉米产量，但是减氮30%—40%显著降低了小麦和玉米产量，减产分别为6.1%和5.4%。不施氮肥区产量水平没有显著影响3种作物氮肥减施的产量效应。土壤全氮含量>2 g·kg-1时，氮肥减施水稻产量（6.5 t·hm-2）显著高于常规施氮产量（6.3 t·hm-2）；土壤全氮含量>1 g·kg-1时，氮肥减施小麦产量（6.9 t·hm-2）显著低于常规施氮产量（7.4 t·hm-2）；土壤全氮含量>1.5 g·kg-1时，氮肥减施玉米产量（8.8 t·hm-2）显著低于常规施氮产量（9.1 t·hm-2）。土壤有机质含量>30 g·kg-1时，氮肥减施的水稻产量（6.9 t·hm-2）显著高于常规施氮产量（6.7 t·hm-2）；在土壤有机质含量为10—20 g·kg-1以及>20 g·kg-1时，氮肥减施小麦产量（6.6 t·hm-2）显著低于常规施氮产量（6.9 t·hm-2）；一年两熟制氮肥减施玉米产量（8.9 t·hm-2）显著低于常规施氮产量（9.1 t·hm-2）。在普通肥料的基础上，氮肥减施小麦产量（6.8 t·hm-2）显著低于常规施氮产量（7.1 t·hm-2）。在旱作条件下，氮肥减施的小麦产量（5.9 t·hm-2）显著低于常规施氮产量（6.6 t·hm-2）。【结论】在常规施氮量的基础上减少30%氮肥施用量可以维持我国三大作物的产量；不同的土壤性质和管理措施，减氮后作物的产量存在一定的变异性。因此，氮肥减施需要根据土壤肥力状况的管理措施进行调整，从而实现高产高效。

关键词: 小麦, 玉米, 水稻, 减氮施肥, 管理措施, 土壤性质

Abstract:

【Objective】 The present study investigated the effects of reducing nitrogen application rate on the yields of three major cereals in China and its relationship with soil and other factors, so as to clarify the feasibility of reducing nitrogen application. 【Method】 90 published papers from 2010 to 2021 were collected and analyzed the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer reduction ratios on yield, and its relationship with planting systems and different conditions (fertilizer type, soil organic matter content, total nitrogen, soil pH, and water management). 【Result】 Compared with conventional fertilization rate, 0-40% nitrogen reduction did not significantly reduce the yield of rice, 0-30% nitrogen reduction did not significantly affect the yields of wheat and maize, when the nitrogen reduction was 30%-40%, the yield of wheat and maize significantly reduced by 6.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The yield level without nitrogen input area did not significantly affect crop yield of the three cereals following reduction of nitrogen rate. When soil total nitrogen was more than 2 g·kg-1, rice yield with reduced nitrogen application (6.5 t·hm-2) was significantly higher than that with conventional nitrogen application (6.3 t·hm-2); when total nitrogen was more than 1 g·kg-1, wheat yield with reduced nitrogen application (6.9 t·hm-2) was significantly lower than that with conventional nitrogen application (7.4 t·hm-2); when total nitrogen was more than 1.5 g·kg-1, maize yield with reduced nitrogen application (8.8 t·hm-2) was significantly lower than that with conventional nitrogen application (9.1 t·hm-2). When soil organic matter content was more than 30 g·kg-1, rice yield with reduced nitrogen application (6.9 t·hm-2) was significantly higher than that with conventional nitrogen application (6.7 t·hm-2), but soil organic matter content were 10-20 g·kg-1 and more than 20 g·kg-1, the reducing nitrogen application significantly reduced wheat yield. When soil pH was lower than 6.5, rice yield with reduced nitrogen application (6.6 t·hm-2) was significantly higher than that with conventional nitrogen application (6.4 t·hm-2). Wheat yield (6.6 t·hm-2) with reducing nitrogen application under single cropping was significantly higher than that with conventional nitrogen application (5.9 t·hm-2); maize yield (8.9 t·hm-2) with reducing nitrogen application under double cropping was significantly lower than that with conventional nitrogen application (9.1 t·hm-2). Based on common fertilizer, wheat yield with reducing nitrogen application (6.8 t·hm-2) was significantly lower than that with conventional nitrogen application (7.1 t·hm-2). Under rainfed, wheat yield with reducing nitrogen application (5.9 t·hm-2) was significantly lower than that with conventional nitrogen application (6.6 t·hm-2). 【Conclusion】 The yield of three major cereals in China can be maintained by reducing conventional nitrogen application rate by 30% although crop yield varied to certain extent with soil properties and management measures. Therefore, the reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer needed to be adjusted according to soil properties and management practices to achieve high yield and high nitrogen efficiency.

Key words: wheat, maize, rice, reducing nitrogen application rate, management practices, soil properties