Density
Plants are attacked by multiple herbivores, and depend on a precise regulation of responses to cope with a wide range of antagonists. Simultaneous herbivory can occur in different plant compartments, which may pose a serious threat to plant growth and reproduction. In particular, plants often face co-occurring root and floral herbivory, but few studies have focused on such interactions. Here, we investigated in the field the combined density-dependent effects of root-chewing cebrionid beetle larvae and flower-chewing pierid caterpillars on the fitness and defense of a semiarid Brassicaceae herb. We found that the fitness impact of both herbivore groups was independent and density-dependent. Increasing root herbivore density non-significantly reduced plant fitness, while the relationship between increasing floral herbivore density and the reduction they caused in both seed number and seedling emergence was non-linear. The plant defensive response was non-additive with regard to the different densities of root and floral herbivores; high floral herbivore density provoked compensatory investment in reproduction, and this tolerance response was combined with aboveground chemical defense induction when also root herbivore density was high. Plants may thus prioritize specific trait combinations in response to varying combined below- and aboveground herbivore densities to minimize negative impacts on fitness.
中文翻译：
同时根和花食草动物对植物适应性和防御的密度依赖性影响。
植物受到多种食草动物的攻击，并依赖于对反应的精确调节来应对范围广泛的拮抗剂。同时食草可以发生在不同的植物区室中，这可能对植物的生长和繁殖构成严重威胁。特别是，植物经常面临同时发生的根和花的食草动物，但很少有研究关注这种相互作用。在这里，我们在田间调查了嚼根 cebrionid 甲虫幼虫和嚼花粉蝶毛虫对半干旱十字花科草本植物的适应性和防御的联合密度依赖性影响。我们发现两个食草动物群体的适应性影响是独立的并且依赖于密度。增加根部食草动物密度不会显着降低植物适应性，而增加花卉食草动物密度与它们导致的种子数量和幼苗出现减少之间的关系是非线性的。对于根和花食草动物的不同密度，植物防御反应是非累加的；高花卉食草动物密度激发了繁殖的补偿性投资，当根部食草动物密度高时，这种耐受性反应与地上化学防御诱导相结合。因此，植物可以优先考虑特定的性状组合，以响应不同的地上和地下食草动物密度组合，以最大限度地减少对适应性的负面影响。高花卉食草动物密度激发了繁殖的补偿性投资，当根部食草动物密度高时，这种耐受性反应与地上化学防御诱导相结合。因此，植物可以优先考虑特定的性状组合，以响应不同的地上和地下食草动物密度组合，以最大限度地减少对适应性的负面影响。高花卉食草动物密度激发了繁殖的补偿性投资，当根部食草动物密度高时，这种耐受性反应与地上化学防御诱导相结合。因此，植物可以优先考虑特定的性状组合，以响应不同的地上和地下食草动物密度组合，以最大限度地减少对适应性的负面影响。
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