Interactions among nectar robbing, floral herbivory, and ant protection in Linaria vulgaris
摘要
Nectar robbers are often assumed to be plant antagonists; however, empirical data show that the impacts of these animals range from negative to positive depending on the system and ecological conditions. We experimentally evaluated the combined effects of nectar robbing and ant visitation on three indices of reproductive fitness in Linaria vulgaris in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, via indirect effects on flower- and seed-eating beetles (Brachypterolus pulicarius and Gymnaetron antirrhinni). Nectar robbing Bombus occidentalis leave holes in the nectar spurs, effectively creating "extra-floral nectaries" that attract ants. In a paired-plant experiment, ants were significantly more abundant on robbed than on unrobbed plants. Manipulation of ant access and nectar robbing showed that ant exclusion increased beetle attack and decreased female fitness. There was a significant ant-by-robbing interaction on flower damage. Patterns in the other two indices were suggestive of ant-by-robbing interactions, but these were not statistically significant. We also found correlations between spider occupancy on some plants and the mean number of ants (marginally negative) or beetles (significantly positive). Although the effect we report in this study may be highly dependent on spatial and temporal distributions of several interacting species, we discuss its potential role in mitigating the costs of floral parasitism, and its importance to the study of nectar robbing in general.展开▼
机译：花蜜强盗通常被认为是植物拮抗剂。但是，经验数据表明，根据系统和生态条件的不同，这些动物的影响范围从负面到正面。我们通过对食用花和种子的甲虫（Brachypterolus pulicarius和Gymnaetron antirrhinni）的间接影响，实验性地评估了花蜜抢劫和蚂蚁探访对寻常型亚麻Lin（Linaria vulgaris）生殖健康的三个指标的综合影响。抢食花蜜的西方花蜜在花蜜刺中留下孔洞，有效地形成了吸引蚂蚁的“花外蜜腺”。在配对植物实验中，被抢食的蚂蚁比未抢食的植物明显多。操纵蚂蚁通道和抢夺花蜜表明，排除蚂蚁增加了甲虫的攻击，降低了女性的适应性。花朵上的蚂蚁与抢劫有明显的相互作用。其他两个指数中的模式暗示了蚂蚁与抢劫的相互作用，但这些在统计学上并不显着。我们还发现某些植物上蜘蛛的占有率与平均蚂蚁数（边缘为阴性）或甲虫（明显为阳性）之间存在相关性。尽管我们在本研究中报告的影响可能高度取决于几种相互作用物种的时空分布，但我们讨论了其在减轻花寄生病成本方面的潜在作用，以及其对研究花蜜抢劫的重要性。展开▼
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