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基于生态独特性的β多样性研究进展与未来展望

花匠小妙招
2025-05-16 05:45

摘要：

生态独特性(ecological uniqueness)作为β多样性的关键组分, 主要表征不同地点群落组成的相对特殊性, 对生物多样性保护和恢复具有重要意义。近10年来, 生态独特性受到生态学家和保护生物学家的广泛关注, 并在其时空格局、驱动机制、生态功能与生物多样性保护应用等方面取得了一系列重要研究进展, 但缺乏系统性的研究综述。本文首先总结了生态独特性的主要计算方法, 并对2013-2023年间基于物种分类的生态独特性相关研究文献进行计量分析, 在此基础上进一步梳理了不同生物类群生态独特性的时空格局及其主要驱动机制, 探讨了生态独特性对生态系统功能的潜在影响及其对生物多样性保护的指示意义。目前, 生态独特性的计算方式主要有两种: 基于群落整体组成数据和基于不同取样地点的相异性矩阵数据, 相关研究主要集中于欧洲、美洲和亚洲地区, 重点关注动物和植物类群。研究发现: (1)生态独特性存在明显的纬度和海拔梯度格局, 但在不同生物类群和研究区域间存在差异; (2)气候、土壤以及群落特征等生物非生物因素主要通过影响物种分布范围、群落的丰富度以及物种组成, 进而塑造不同生物类群的生态独特性格局; (3)生态独特性可以抑制或促进生态系统功能, 这取决于物种组合或特定物种比率的具体变化情况; (4)生态独特性较高的区域往往存在更高比率的稀有物种或濒危物种, 是生物多样性保护的关键区域。最后, 本文总结了以往研究的不足, 并对生态独特性的未来研究进行了展望, 特别强调: (1)深入开展多维度(物种、功能和系统发育)生态独特性研究; (2)关注生态独特性的时空尺度变异规律及其驱动机制; (3)探索新技术和新方法在生态独特性未来评估中的应用。

关键词: 生物多样性, β多样性, 生态独特性, 驱动机制, 生物多样性保护, 生态系统功能

Abstract

Background & Aim: Ecological uniqueness is a key component of β diversity, primarily quantifying the relative contribution of each sampling site to the total variation in community composition. This concept is of great significance for biodiversity conservation and restoration. Over the past decade, ecological uniqueness has received substantial attention from ecologists and conservation biologists, leading to significant advancements in its quantifications, spatiotemporal patterns, driving mechanisms, ecological functions, and applications in biodiversity conservation. We first summarized the main methods for calculating ecological uniqueness, we then conducted a systematic review of literatures on taxonomic ecological uniqueness from 2013 to 2023. Furthermore, we elaborated on its spatiotemporal patterns and underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we explored the potential impact of ecological uniqueness on ecosystem functioning and its implications for biodiversity conservation.

Review Results: Ecological uniqueness can primarily be calculated using community composition datasets or dissimilarity matrices. Studies on ecological uniqueness are predominantly concentrated in Europe, America, and Asia, focusing mainly on animal and plant groups. Moreover, the literature reviews several key findings: (1) Ecological uniqueness exhibits clear latitudinal or elevational gradients, though these patterns differences among different biological groups and study regions. (2) Multiple abiotic and biotic factors, such as climate, soil, and community characteristics, significantly shape the ecological uniqueness of different biological groups by influencing species range size, community richness and species compositions. (3) Ecological uniqueness can promote or decrease ecosystem functioning, depending on combinations of species or the proportions of specific groups present. (4) Regions with higher ecological uniqueness often harbor a higher proportion of rare or endangered species, contributing significantly to regional biodiversity. These regions are typically considered as key areas for biodiversity conservation.

Perspectives: This review also discusses the directions of future research on ecological uniqueness, with particular emphasis on: (1) Conducting in-depth researches on multidimensional (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic) ecological uniqueness; (2) Focusing on the patterns and driving mechanisms of ecological uniqueness across different spatiotemporal scales; (3) Applying new technologies and methods for future assessment of ecological uniqueness.

Key words: biodiversity, β diversity, ecological uniqueness, driving mechanisms, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functioning