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【简译】玫瑰简史

花匠小妙招
2024-10-05 04:22

The rose that grows in many different forms in gardens all over the world today is an evolution of rose-like plants that lived in the northern hemisphere between 33 million and 23 million years ago. Traces of them have been found in the fossil record of the Oligocene epoch in Europe, Asia, and western North America.

今天在世界各地花园中以各种不同形态生长的玫瑰，是由 3,300 万年前至 2,300 万年前生活在北半球的类玫瑰植物演变而来的。在欧洲、亚洲和北美西部的渐新世（地质时代中古近纪的最后一个主要分期，大约开始于3400万年前，终于2300万年前，介于始新世（Eocene）与新近纪的中新世（Miocene）之间）化石记录中都发现了它们的踪迹。

The climate in those times was largely temperate with plentiful insect life, conditions that are still favoured by roses today. Five-petaled flowers, distinctive oval serrated leaves and colourful hips – characteristics that can be found in wild rose species today – differentiated them from other plant remains when the fossils were examined.

当时的气候基本上是温和的，昆虫种类繁多，这些条件今天仍然有利于玫瑰的生长。五瓣花朵、独特的椭圆形锯齿状叶子和五颜六色的花果，这些特征在今天的野生玫瑰品种中也能找到；在化石检验时，它们与其他植物遗骸容易区分开来。

过去6500万年以来气候变化示意图，依据底栖有孔虫沉积物氧同位素含量变换制成。古新世－始新世极热事件的气候特征在于短暂而明显的负面偏移，这归咎于当时气候的快速变暖。需要注意的是，由于数据的平滑，图中的偏移程度被低估了。

神话起源与象征意义

According to Greek mythology, the goddess of flowers, Chloris, created a new flower by breathing life into a woodland nymph who had died. Dionysus, the god of wine and plant life gave it a beautiful perfume, and Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty and pleasure, gave the rose its name by rearranging the letters of Eros, her son and the god of love and desire. Eros later gave a rose to Harpocrates, the god of silence, as a bribe to ensure he kept the indiscretions of the gods to himself. Hence, the rose became symbolic of secrecy, silence, and love. This story was carried on into Roman mythology, with the protagonists replaced by their gods, Flora, Venus, Cupid, and Bacchus, although Harpocrates retained his Greek name.

希腊神话中，花之女神克洛里斯（Chloris）为一位死去的林中仙女注入生命，创造了一朵新花。酒神和植物之神狄俄尼索斯（狄俄尼索斯 (Dionysus) 是奥林匹斯山上的酒神、植物之神、欢乐之神、节日之神、疯狂之神和狂野之神）赋予它美妙的香味，而美丽和快乐女神阿佛洛狄忒通过重新排列她的儿子、爱神和欲望之神厄洛斯的字母，为玫瑰命名。后来，厄洛斯将一朵玫瑰送给了沉默之神哈波克拉底，作为贿赂，以确保他对众神的不轨行为守口如瓶。因此，玫瑰成为秘密、沉默和爱的象征。这个故事一直延续到罗马神话中，虽然哈波克拉底保留了他的希腊名字，但故事的主人公却换成了他们的神——芙劳拉（或译佛洛拉、福罗拉，拉丁文：Flora）、维纳斯、丘比特和巴克斯（罗马神话中的酒神和植物神）。

The association with secrecy led to the rose becoming a visual symbol of the need for discretion. Roses were carved into the ceilings and walls of public rooms in grand houses, courtrooms, and Catholic confessionals as a reminder that all conversations should be kept confidential. From the Middle Ages, a rose was often suspended from the ceiling of a government council chamber to ensure the secrecy of proceedings. Therefore, sub rosa ("under the rose") became a quasi-legal term still in use to denote something that is best kept under wraps.

与秘密的联系使玫瑰成为需要谨慎的视觉象征。玫瑰被雕刻在大宅、法庭和天主教忏悔室等公共场所的天花板和墙壁上，以提醒人们所有谈话都应保密。从中世纪开始，政府议事厅的天花板上经常悬挂一朵玫瑰，以确保议事过程的保密性。因此，“sub rosa” （“玫瑰之下”）成为一个准法律术语，至今仍在使用，用来表示最好保密的事情。（完整的说法是：“ sint vera vel ficta, taceantur sub rosa dicta ”：无论所说的是真话还是谎言，玫瑰花下所说的一切都必须保密）

最早发现的玫瑰

The first rose species to be described for science came from the Florissant Fossil Beds in Teller County, Colorado USA. In 1883, paleobotanist Charles Leo Lesquereux wrote a scientific paper Contribution to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories in which he described and named Rosa hilliae, the simple rose-like specimen he had received amongst samples collected by Hayden's US Geological Survey and the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877.

第一个被科学描述的玫瑰品种来自美国科罗拉多州特勒郡的弗洛里桑化石床。1883 年，古植物学家查尔斯·莱奥·莱斯克勒（Charles Léo Lesquereux，出生于瑞士的苔藓学家，也是美国古植物学的先驱，研究泥炭沼泽的形成）撰写了一篇科学论文《对西部地区化石植物区系的贡献》（Contribution to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories），其中描述并命名了玫瑰叶化石（Rosa hilliae），这是他从美国海登的地质调查局和 1877 年普林斯顿科学考察队采集的样本中获得的简单的玫瑰状标本。

His choice of name was to honour the amateur palaeontologist Charlotte Hill, who first brought the Florissant Fossil Beds to science's attention. She lived with her family on a homestead, the Petrified Stump Ranch, c. 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of the town of Florissant. Charlotte began collecting fossils of plants and insects that she found when digging the land around their property and became fascinated by them, eventually building up a small museum and hosting many renowned geologists and palaeontologists to whom she gave parts of her collection.

他选择这个名字是为了纪念业余古生物学家夏洛特·希尔（Charlotte Hill，1849-1930 年，一位出生于印第安纳州的自耕农，通过在弗洛里森化石床中发现了几块重要的化石，为古生物学做出了贡献。夏洛特的发现引起了人们对弗洛里森特作为化石重要产地的关注，她的发现推动了将化石床认定为美国国家纪念碑，玫瑰化石Rosa hilliae于 1883 年以夏洛特·希尔 (Charlotte Hill) 的名字命名），是她首先让科学界注意到弗洛里桑化石群。她和家人住在弗洛里桑镇以南约 3 公里（2 英里）处的石化树桩牧场。夏洛特开始收集她在挖掘庄园周围土地时发现的植物和昆虫化石，并为之着迷，最终建立了一个小型博物馆，接待了许多著名的地质学家和古生物学家，并向他们赠送了部分藏品。

花之女神克洛里斯（Chloris）

玫瑰的演变

Nowadays, the genus Rosa encompasses around 150 species of erect, climbing, or trailing perennial shrubs with thousands of varieties. These stem from a very small number of original roses from Asia that were crossbred over the centuries with native European and American wild species.

如今，蔷薇属（玫瑰是蔷薇科蔷薇属的多年生木本开花植物）包括约 150 种直立、攀援或蔓生多年生灌木，品种数以千计。这些玫瑰来自极少数原产于亚洲的玫瑰，这些玫瑰与原产于欧洲和美洲的野生品种杂交了几个世纪。

Roses are classified into three types:

1、species – the familiar 'wild rose'

2、Old World roses – introduced before 1867

3、modern roses

玫瑰分为三种：

1、种玫瑰——我们熟悉的“野玫瑰”

2、老式花园玫瑰——1867 年前引入

3、现代玫瑰

The first species roses had five single petals as seen on the flowers of Rosa hilliae. These are the species that formed the genetic building blocks for our modern-day roses. They include the dog rose, Rosa canina, which is commonly found in hedging. There is also the Scotch rose, Rosa pimpinellifolia, a tough, bushy rose that survives well in exposed or seaside locations, Rosa gallica, which comes from warmer southern Europe, Rosa carolina from the eastern US and Rosa blanda that toughs it out on the American prairies.

最早的玫瑰品种有五个单瓣，如玫瑰化石Rosa hilliae的花朵。这些品种构成了现代玫瑰的基因基础。它们包括犬（玫瑰）蔷薇（Rosa canina），常见于绿篱中。还有刺蔷薇（苏格兰玫瑰）（地榆玫瑰(Rosa spinosissima)），一种坚韧、茂盛的蔷薇，在暴露或海边的地方也能很好地存活；高卢玫瑰（Rosa gallica，法国玫瑰，或普罗万玫瑰），来自温暖的南欧；卡罗莱纳蔷薇（Rosa carolina，俗称卡罗莱纳玫瑰、牧草玫瑰或草原玫瑰），来自北美洲东部；布兰达蔷薇（Rosa blanda，俗称光滑玫瑰、草甸/野玫瑰或草原玫瑰），在北美大草原上顽强生长。

The process of turning the wild rose into a garden plant of infinite variety began a long time ago. The first domesticated roses may have been deliberately cultivated as early as 3,000 BCE in China. They were used in the making of rosewater and in perfumed oils, for medicinal purposes and as confetti for celebrations. The philosopher Confucius recorded that roses were growing in the gardens of the Imperial Palace in 500 BCE and the Chinese emperor's library contained a large number of books on the subject. China was the sole source of yellow roses and all their present-day descendants, as there are no wild roses in Europe with that colouration.

将野生玫瑰变成种类繁多的园林植物的过程很久以前就开始了。最早的驯化玫瑰可能早在公元前 3000 年的中国就开始有意栽培。人们用它们来制作玫瑰水、香油、药用植物和庆典上的彩纸。据哲学家孔子的记载，公元前 500 年，皇宫的花园里就种植了玫瑰，中国皇帝的图书馆里藏有大量有关这方面的书籍。中国是黄玫瑰及其所有后代的唯一产地，因为欧洲没有这种颜色的野生玫瑰。

The ancient Egyptians bathed in rosewater and scattered rose petals to make their rooms sweet-smelling. The Romans grew roses extensively in large public gardens, and Rosa alba could be found in the gardens of nobles and monks in medieval Europe, widely thought to have been spread there by visiting Romans. Every medieval monastery had its botanist monk, cultivating roses alongside other plants and herbs to be used in religious ceremonies.

古埃及人用玫瑰水沐浴，并撒上玫瑰花瓣，让房间芳香四溢。罗马人在大型公共花园中广泛种植玫瑰，在中世纪欧洲贵族和修士的花园中也能找到白玫瑰，人们普遍认为它是由来访的罗马人传播到欧洲的。中世纪的每座修道院都有植物学家修士，他们将玫瑰与其他植物和草药一起栽培，用于宗教仪式。

Also grown by medieval gardeners was Rosa damascena, or the damask rose, with its luxuriant double, deeply scented flowers. As its name 'from Damascus' suggests it was probably brought back to Europe from Syria by merchants in the 12th century or Crusaders in the 13th century, along with Rosa oficinalis, known as 'the apothecary's rose'.

中世纪的园艺家们还种植了突厥薔薇（拉丁语：damascene rose，学名：Rosa × damascena）或大马士革玫瑰（英语：Damask rose），其繁茂的重瓣花朵，香气浓郁。正如它的名字“来自大马士革”所示，它很可能是由 12 世纪的商人或 13 世纪的十字军从叙利亚带回欧洲的，同时带回的还有被称为“药剂师”的玫瑰（深红色大马士革玫瑰或兰开斯特红玫瑰）。

It has been the continuing intervention of botanists and plant breeders that has transformed the wild rose into a consistent garden plant. Roses raised from seed do not retain the characteristics of their parents. Cuttings have to be taken to maintain a variety. So an old rose today can be said to be a living link with a rose that once grew in a medieval garden. Old roses often do not bloom for as long as their cultivated descendants, and their colours are more pastel and less showy. However, they are hardy and do not require the same degree of attention and maintenance as a modern hybrid. They also still exude the strong fragrances that come from their wild ancestors.

正是由于植物学家和植物育种家的不断干预，才使野生玫瑰变成了一种稳定的花园植物。用种子培育的玫瑰并不能保留其亲本的特性。要想保持一个品种，就必须进行扦插。因此，可以说今天的老玫瑰与曾经生长在中世纪花园中的玫瑰是有生命联系的。老玫瑰的花期通常没有它们的栽培后代长，颜色也更加柔和，不那么艳丽。不过，它们很耐寒，不需要像现代杂交品种那样的护理和保养，它们仍然散发着来自野生祖先的浓郁芳香。

科罗拉多州弗洛里森克莱尔化石采石场的弗洛里森地层

玫瑰的政治属性

From being purely decorative, roses gradually took on a more symbolic significance when they started to appear in the emblems of nobility. In the 13th century, the white Rosa alba was the badge of Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III of England. Her son Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, adopted the red Rosa gallica from his wife Blanche of Artois when they married. This established the red rose as the mark of the House of Lancaster.

当玫瑰开始出现在贵族的徽章中时，它从纯粹的装饰品逐渐具有了更多的象征意义。13 世纪，约克白玫瑰（Rosa × alba）是英格兰亨利三世之妻普罗旺斯的埃莉诺的徽章。她的儿子兰开斯特伯爵埃德蒙，在与妻子布兰卡·德·阿图瓦 (Blanca de Artois) 结婚时采用了红色的高卢玫瑰（Rosa gallica）。红玫瑰由此成为兰开斯特家族的标志。

More than 200 years later, Richard, Duke of York, chose the white rose as his badge. When the right to the crown of England was disputed by the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1487, the conflict became known as the War of the Roses. The resolution of that civil war resulted in the Lancastrian Henry Tudor being crowned King Henry VII of England. He married Elizabeth of York and united the symbolic white and red roses to form the Tudor rose. The form of this double rose can be seen carved extensively into Tudor buildings and furniture and painted into portraits of the time, symbolising for all time a united country.

200 多年后，约克公爵理查德选择了白玫瑰作为自己的徽章。1455 年至 1487 年间，兰开斯特家族和约克家族对英格兰王位的继承权产生了争议，这场冲突被称为玫瑰战争。内战结束后，兰开斯特家族的亨利·都铎加冕为英格兰国王亨利七世。他迎娶了约克家族的伊丽莎白，并将象征性的白玫瑰和红玫瑰结合在一起，形成了都铎玫瑰。都铎王朝的建筑和家具上广泛雕刻着这朵双色玫瑰，当时的肖像画上也绘有这朵双色玫瑰，象征着一个统一的国家。

As recently as 1986, the rose was chosen as the US's official national flower by popular vote. In a special ceremony, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the joint resolution issued by the Senate and the House of Representatives with the words:

More often than any other flower, we hold the rose dear as the symbol of life and love and devotion, of beauty and eternity… We see proofs of this everywhere. The study of fossils reveals that the rose has existed in America for age upon age. We have always cultivated roses in our gardens. Our first President, George Washington, bred roses, and a variety he named after his mother is still grown today. The White House itself boasts a beautiful Rose Garden. We grow roses in all our fifty States. We find roses throughout our art, music and literature. We decorate our celebrations and parades with roses. Most of all, we present roses to those we love, and we lavish them on our altars, our civil shrines, and the final resting places of our honored dead. (Proclamation 5574)

就在 1986 年，玫瑰被民众投票选为美国的官方国花。在一个特殊的仪式上，罗纳德·里根总统签署了由参众两院联合发布的决议，使之成为法律：

与其他任何花卉相比，我们更珍视玫瑰，将其视为生命、爱与奉献、美丽与永恒的象征......我们随处可见这方面的证据。对化石的研究表明，玫瑰在美洲已经存在了很长时间。我们一直在花园里栽培玫瑰。我们的第一任总统乔治·华盛顿培育了玫瑰，他以母亲的名字命名的一个品种至今仍在种植。白宫本身就拥有一个美丽的玫瑰园。我们在 50 个州都种植玫瑰。我们在艺术、音乐和文学中都能找到玫瑰。我们用玫瑰装饰我们的庆典和游行。最重要的是，我们将玫瑰献给我们所爱的人，在我们的祭坛、民间圣地和我们尊敬的逝者的最后安息之地摆放玫瑰。(第 5574 号公告）

老花园玫瑰、野玫瑰和现代玫瑰

玫瑰的黄金时代

During the 15th and 16th centuries, rose growers began to breed and alter varieties such as R. damascena and its Middle Eastern cousin, Rosa centifolia. The Dutch were early pioneers, and modern research has shown that at least four species of wild roses can be found within the makeup of R. centifolia. The results of roses grown in Holland in the 16th and 17th centuries can be seen in paintings by the Dutch Old Masters. These depicted large double flowers with the distinctive 'cabbage rose' shape of R. centifolia. The flat-faced flowers look as if they have had their petals sliced across by a knife.

15 世纪和 16 世纪，玫瑰种植者开始培育和改良大马士革玫瑰及其中东表亲千叶玫瑰（Rosa × centifolia，也被称为“卷心菜玫瑰”或“普罗旺斯玫瑰”）等品种。荷兰人是先驱者，现代研究表明，在千叶玫瑰的结构中至少可以找到四个野生玫瑰品种。16 世纪和 17 世纪荷兰种植玫瑰的成果可以在荷兰古代艺术大师的画作中看到。这些画描绘了重瓣花瓣，具有千叶玫瑰特有的“卷心菜”形状。扁平的花朵看起来就像被刀子划过的花瓣。

The golden age for roses has to be the early part of the 19th century. It was driven by Joséphine de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. When she bought the Château de Malmaison on the outskirts of Paris, Joséphine filled its gardens with all the known roses at the time. They were sent for from suppliers all over Europe. This was the time of the Napoleonic Wars and the Continental System, but it is said that special arrangements were made so that shipments of roses from England could make their way through the English Channel blockades unimpeded.

玫瑰的黄金时代应该是 19 世纪早期。拿破仑·波拿巴的妻子约瑟芬·德·博阿尔内（Joséphine de Beauharnais）推动了这个时代的到来。当她买下巴黎郊外的马尔梅松城堡后，约瑟芬在城堡花园里种满了当时已知的所有玫瑰。这些玫瑰是从欧洲各地的供应商那里运来的。当时正值拿破仑战争和大陆封锁时期，但据说为了让从英国运来的玫瑰能够顺利通过英吉利海峡的封锁线，还做出了特殊的安排。

When the collection grew, Joséphine commissioned the painter Pierre-Joseph Redouté to record the roses. His published work, Les Roses, 1817-24, now forms the starting point for much of the modern scientific research into garden roses. The collection helped spark France's enthusiasm for the flowers, and there was a boom in rose breeding. In fact, nearly all the old roses we grow today were bred in France.

随着收藏的增加，约瑟芬委托画家皮埃尔·约瑟夫·雷杜特 (Pierre Joseph Redouté)记录这些玫瑰。他出版的作品《玫瑰》（1817-24 年）是现代花园玫瑰科学研究的起点。这些作品激发了法国人对花卉的热情，并带动了玫瑰育种的热潮。事实上，我们今天种植的几乎所有古老玫瑰都是在法国培育出来的。

Jacques-Louis Descemet was one of four great French rosarians who cultivated roses around Paris at the time of Joséphine. He helped to popularise a variety that had been imported into France from Dutch rose breeders but became known as Rosa gallica (French rose) when it was subsequently sent from France to England. The origins of R. gallica are not clear, but it was known as a species by the Persians in the 12th century, and the Dutch cultivated it to an extent 400 years later, although their preference was for R. centifolia.

雅克·路易·德斯梅 (Jacques-Louis Descemet) 是约瑟芬时代巴黎四大玫瑰种植者之一，他在巴黎周围培育玫瑰。他帮助推广了一个品种，该品种是从荷兰玫瑰育种家那里引进法国的，但后来从法国运到英国后被称为 Rosa gallica（高卢玫瑰）。高卢玫瑰的起源并不清楚，但早在 12 世纪，波斯人就知道它是一个品种，400 年后，荷兰人也在一定程度上栽培了它，不过他们更喜欢千叶玫瑰。

带框印刷品“在旧庙花园里采摘红玫瑰和白玫瑰”，源自亨利·阿尔伯特·佩恩（英国人，1868-1940 年）根据莎士比亚戏剧《亨利六世》中的场景创作的 1910 年壁画原作，原作位于威斯敏斯特宫和佩恩后来在伯明翰博物馆和艺术画廊展出了一幅类似的画作

多种杂交品种

When repeat-flowering China roses first arrived in Europe around 1790, they gave rose breeders a fantastic new characteristic to work with: the ability to flower not once, but throughout the growing season. The next major step in the development of the rose came when hybridisers crossed the ancient China rose, Rosa chinensis, with the European Rosa gigantea. The result had a smell that was said to be reminiscent of a cup of China tea and so it was nicknamed the 'tea rose'.

当重复开花的中华月季（Rosa chinensis）于 1790 年左右首次抵达欧洲时，它们为玫瑰育种者提供了一个奇妙的新特性：在整个生长季节都能开花，而且不是一次。当杂交者将古老的中国月季（Rosa chinensis）与巨玫瑰（Rosa gigantea）杂交时，玫瑰的发展迈出了重要的下一步。据说杂交的结果会让人联想到中国茶的味道，因此被昵称为“茶玫瑰”。

Another crossing a few years later blended the damask rose with some other species roses that blossomed freely for many years and so were named hybrid perpetuals. The final chapter in this particular rose story was written in the mid-19th century when tea roses were crossed with hybrid perpetuals, and the hybrid tea rose was born. Its large flowers and vigorous long-lived flowering habit have made it the most popular type of rose in the world.

几年后的另一次杂交将大马士革玫瑰与其他一些品种的玫瑰杂交，这些品种的玫瑰可以多年自由开花，因此被命名为杂交永生花。19 世纪中叶，茶玫瑰与杂交永生花杂交，诞生了杂交茶玫瑰。它花朵硕大，花期长，生命力旺盛，是世界上最受欢迎的玫瑰品种。

Bourbon roses arose from natural hybridisation between R. chinensis and a damask rose on the island of Ile Bourbon, better known now as the Island of Reunion, near Mauritius. It was an important port of call for reprovisioning French ships in the days before the Suez Canal. A seedling of the hybrid was taken from there to Paris in the early 19th century and further crossed with R. gallica. The resulting long-blooming roses, with their strong perfume, are still widely grown today.

波旁玫瑰是由波旁玫瑰和毛里求斯附近的波旁岛（Ile Bourbon，即现在的留尼汪岛）上的一种大马士革玫瑰自然杂交而成。在苏伊士运河开通之前，该岛是法国船只补给的重要港口。19 世纪初，该杂交种的一株幼苗被带到巴黎，并与高卢玫瑰进一步杂交。杂交后的玫瑰花花期长，香气浓郁，至今仍被广泛种植。

The first American-bred hybrid group – the 'Noisette roses' – were first grown in the 1800s in South Carolina. A French nurseryman, Louis Noisette, sent a China rose of the variety 'Old Blush' to his brother Philippe, who was living in the States. Philippe passed the rose on to his neighbour John Champneys, who crossed it with a climbing musk rose, Rosa moschata, and the result was named 'Champneys' Pink Climber'. Seeds from that plant were sent back to France which then grew into a new climber they called Noisette Carnée, and further hybrids came about when these Noisettes were crossed with tea roses.

第一个美国培育的杂交品种“诺瓦塞特玫瑰”最早种植于 19 世纪的南卡罗来纳州。法国园艺家路易斯·诺瓦塞特（Louis Noisette）将一株品种为“老胭脂”的中国玫瑰寄给了他住在美国的兄弟菲利普（Philippe）。菲利普把这株玫瑰传给了他的邻居约翰·钱普尼斯（John Champneys），后者将其与麝香玫瑰（Rosa moschata）杂交，结果命名为“钱普尼斯粉色攀缘玫瑰”。这株植物的种子被送回法国，后来长成了一种新的攀缘植物，他们称之为 Noisette Carnée，当这些 Noisette Carnée 与茶玫瑰杂交后，又产生了更多的杂交品种。

布兰达玫瑰

进入 20 世纪

Modern roses began with hybrid teas and were soon joined by floribundas and grandifloras. The former were cultivated in the late 19th century by the Dutch Poulsen company, still in existence today. Its hybridisers crossed dwarf China roses with small hybrid teas to produce compact shrubs with multiple clusters of small double flowers.

现代玫瑰从杂交茶花开始，很快又加入了多花玫瑰和大花玫瑰的行列。前者在 19 世纪晚期由荷兰的 Poulsen 公司培育，至今仍然存在。该公司的杂交专家将矮小的中国月季与小型杂交茶花杂交，培育出了多簇小重瓣花的紧凑灌木。

Grandiflora roses began life in the 1950s as crosses between hybrid teas and floribundas. These tall, hardy bushes with full-blossomed flowers are the most familiar garden roses today, but they do not produce the same level of fragrance as Old-World roses. They are more standardised in form and more brightly and variously coloured, which is what makes them popular for an expansive garden display.

大花蔷薇起源于 20 世纪 50 年代，是杂交茶花和多花玫瑰的杂交品种。这些高大、耐寒、花朵盛开的灌木丛是今天人们最熟悉的花园玫瑰，但它们不会产生与老花园玫瑰相同的香味。它们的外形更加标准化，颜色也更加鲜艳多样，这也是它们广受欢迎的原因。

Nowadays, new hybrids spring up every year from many different growers around the world as the quest for the perfect rose goes on. Meanwhile, species roses keep the original gene pool alive and old roses maintain a loyal following, prized for their natural growth and strong perfume. History is continually being written in the world of rose cultivation.

如今，随着人们对完美玫瑰的不断追求，世界各地不同的种植者每年都会培育出新的杂交品种。与此同时，原种玫瑰保持着原始基因库的活力，而老玫瑰则因其自然生长和浓郁的香味而备受追捧。玫瑰种植的历史仍在不断被书写。

都铎玫瑰

参考书目：

Anonymous. Old Roses. Southwater (23 May 2013), 1970.

Chapman, Ann & Starosta, Paul. Women in My Rose Garden. Palazzo Editions, 2015.

Elliott, Brent. The Roses Favourite Flower in 40 Captivating Roses with Classic Texts and Rare.. Andre Deutsch, 2016.

Geological Exploration of the Territories, 1873Accessed 15 Aug 2023.

Herbert W. Meyer. Fossils of Florissant. Smithsonian Books, 2003.

Morley, Simon. By Any Other Name. Oneworld Publications, 2021.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield & Speir, Francis & Scott, William Berryman. Palæontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877. DigiCat, 2022.

Proclamation 5574—Designation of the Rose as the National Floral Emblem of the United States of AmericaAccessed 15 Aug 2023.

The first Gallicas raised in France 1804-1815 by François Joyaux - Historic Roses GroupAccessed 15 Aug 2023.

千叶玫瑰

原文作者：Sheena Harvey

Sheena Harvey 是一名自由撰稿人，曾担任六本英国国家级杂志的编辑，其中包括《Discover Britain》、《LandScape》和《BBC 野生动物》，并为《英国遗产》和《Countryfile》等杂志撰稿。

Noisette 玫瑰

原文网址: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2264/a-brief-history-of-the-rose/