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栽培模式对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、氮素吸收利用和群体质量的影响

摘要:

【目的】为稻茬小麦优质、高产、高效协同栽培提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】2017—2018和2018—2019年在江苏苏北的睢宁和苏中的邗江与仪征,分别设置传统(TCP)、高产(HCP)、节肥(RFCP)和节肥增密(IDCP)4种栽培模式,研究不同模式间籽粒蛋白质含量、产量、氮效率、经济效益的差异,明确高产、高效模式及其产量构成、群体质量和氮素吸收转运特征,探明产量、氮效率与农艺生理性状间关系,进而揭示高产高效协同实现途径。【结果】受年度和地点间生态条件差异的影响,栽培模式对籽粒产量、经济净效益、氮效率的影响不尽相同。不同栽培模式下籽粒蛋白质含量均>12.5%,其中HCP和RFCP下达13%—14%。2018年度,籽粒产量和经济净效益均以IDCP最高,较TCP分别提高31.5%—33.5%和104.4%—239.1%,其次为HCP和RFCP。2019年度,籽粒产量以HCP最高,较TCP提高8.1%—13.2%,其次为RFCP和IDCP;此外,IDCP因施肥少,较TCP稳定或增加了经济净效益。可见,TCP相对低产、低效益、低氮效率;HCP可稳定高产,且蛋白质含量高;IDCP最具高产、高效益、氮高效潜力,但蛋白质含量偏低。高产均是通过在获得高穗数基础上提高单穗产量来实现,但HCP主要提升每穗粒数而IDCP依赖于高粒重。HCP主要通过高茎蘖成穗率,IDCP则是协同高的茎蘖数和茎蘖成穗率,实现高穗数。高产群体的冬前茎蘖数/最终穗数存在适宜范围,在0.9—1.1。此外,相对高产的模式均可在维持高花后绿叶光合面积基础上协同提高绿叶净光合速率,实现扩源基础上高水平协调源库关系。高氮肥利用效率的实现关键是较高氮素生理利用效率基础上提高氮素吸收效率。HCP群体生育前期积累氮素少、中后期吸收能力逐渐增强、转运量多;而IDCP群体在生育中前期吸收能力强、转运量足。分析不同生态条件和栽培模式下籽粒产量、氮肥利用效率与农艺生理性状间关系,发现提高群体茎蘖成穗率有助于维持灌浆期较高的单茎光合面积和光合速率,进而增加单穗和群体籽粒产量;还可促进花前氮素吸收能力、增加氮素转运量,提升氮肥利用效率。【结论】稻茬小麦高产高效协同途径是在获得充足穗数基础上,攻大穗,重点是增粒重;构建数量足、质量高的群体,越冬前群体茎蘖数满足预期穗数、重点提高茎蘖成穗率,花前高效吸收氮素、提升转运水平,花后维持较高单茎光合面积和强度、提升灌浆水平。实现高产高效栽培,技术上应强调“适量增密、适度减肥、前氮后移、精准施肥”。

关键词: 稻茬小麦, 高产高效协同, 群体质量特征, 氮素吸收特征, 技术途径

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical support for the synergic cultivation of good-quality, high-yield, and high-efficiency of wheat under the rice-wheat rotation. 【Method】 In 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, the cultivation patterns of tradition (TCP), high yield (HCP), reducing fertilizer (RFCP), and reducing fertilizer and increasing planting density (IDCP) were conducted in Suining (northern Jiangsu) and Hanjiang and Yangzhou (middle area of Jiangsu) to study the differences in grain protein content, grain yield, nitrogen efficiency, and economic benefits. The excepted results could clarify the patterns achieving high yield and high efficiency and the characteristics of their wheat population qualities and nitrogen absorption and transportation, explore the relationship between yield, nitrogen efficiency and agronomic physiological traits, and then reveal the approaches to realize high yield and high-efficiency synergy. 【Result】 The effects of cultivation patterns on wheat grain yield, net economic benefit, and nitrogen efficiency were different depending on the ecological conditions in the various years and sites. The wheat grain protein content under different cultivation patterns was more than 12.5%, but which under HCP and RFCP was 13%-14%. In 2018, IDCP achieved the highest grain yield and economic net benefit with 31.5%-33.5% and 104.4%-239.1% higher than TCP, respectively, followed by HCP and RFCP. In 2019, the grain yield under HCP was the highest, which was 8.1%-13.2% higher than that under TCP, followed by RFCP and IDCP. In addition, IDCP could obtain stable or increased net economic benefits compared with TCP because of less fertilizer inputs. The above results indicated that compared with other patterns, grain yield, nitrogen efficiency, and economic benefits under TCP were relatively lower. HCP could achieve more stable and higher grain yield as well as higher protein content, and IDCP achieved the highest yield potential, economic benefits, and nitrogen efficiency but had a low grain protein content. High yield was achieved by increasing single-spike yield based on enough spike number, and the high yielding HCP mainly increased grains per spike, but IDCP achieved high grain weight. HCP achieved high spike number mainly depended on tiller fertility, and IDCP depended on the synergistically increasing tiller number and tiller fertility. The suitable range of the ratio of tiller number at the beginning of wintering stage to spike number was 0.9-1.1 for high yield population. Further analysis showed that the high yield patterns could improve the leaf photosynthetic rate and maintain a high photosynthetic area after anthesis, indicating high-level coordination of the source-sink relationship and enlarged source level. The results also indicated that improving nitrogen absorption efficiency based on high nitrogen physiological efficiency was the key for realizing high nitrogen use efficiency. The nitrogen accumulation in the HCP population was low at the early growth stage, but the absorption capacity was gradually increased at the middle and late growth stage, finally promoting nitrogen transportation. The IDCP population also had strong nitrogen absorption capacity during the middle and early growth stage and also showed a sufficient transportation level. The relationships of grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency with agronomic and physiological traits under different ecological conditions and cultivation patterns were analyzed, and it was found that increasing tiller fertility of the crop population contributed to a higher photosynthetic area per stem and leaf photosynthetic rate at the grain-filling stage, which increased single-spike yield and wheat production. Besides, the high tiller fertility also promoted nitrogen absorption capacity before anthesis increasing nitrogen transportation and use efficiency. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, the synergistic approach to achieve high yield and high efficiency of wheat under the rice-wheat rotation was to develop large spikes especially increase grain weight based on obtaining sufficient spikes and to establish the population with sufficient quantity and high quality. The latter included that the tiller number of the population before wintering stage met the expected spike number with improving tiller fertility, the nitrogen absorption and transportation level was high before the anthesis stage, and the photosynthetic area and intensity of single stem could maintain a high level after the anthesis to promote the grain filling. The present study also indicated that technologies realizing high-yield and high-efficiency production needed to emphasize moderately increasing planting density, limitedly reducing nitrogen application, increasing topdressing nitrogen with reducing base fertilization, and precisely applying fertilization.

Key words: wheat under rice-wheat rotation, high-yield and high-efficiency synergy, population quality characteristics, nitrogen uptake characteristics, technological approach

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