居住区形态的气温调控效应——以徐州市为例
摘要： 城市化进程的持续推进致使大量居住区取代原有林地和农田,导致城市热岛效应频发,尤其在夏季,居住区高温严重威胁市民的健康与生命。虽然学者们已经意识到通过生态调控思想合理配置居住区形态可有效调节气温、改善局地微气候,但当前仍然缺乏以气温调节为导向的居住区形态的规范和要求。本研究以徐州市的15个居住区作为研究区域,通过现场观测,获取3类居住区形态参数和气温数据,分析不同居住区形态的气温调控效应。结果表明: 早晨和下午影响气温的关键居住区形态参数具有差异性。在早晨,建筑密度、平均街道高宽比和完整的纵横比的独立贡献率分别为15.4%、7.3%和6.8%;在下午,建筑密度、天空可视指数和建筑表面积与平面面积比的独立贡献率分别为21.1%、23.1%和6.9%。调控气温的居住区参数效率阈值在早晨和下午具有差异,部分居住区形态参数之间存在显著的相关关系。研究结果可为徐州及周边地区的居住区设计提供数据支撑和方法参考。
关键词: 城市热环境, 微气候, 居住区设计, 效率阈值, 控制性规划
Abstract: Due to woodlands and farmlands being replaced by residential areas in cities, continuous urbanization resulting in frequent urban heat island effects, especially in summer when high temperature seriously threaten health and lives of citizens. Although scientists realized that reasonable residential area morphology could effectively regulate air temperature and improve microclimate, it is lack of air temperature regulation-oriented specifications and requirements on morphology of residential areas. In this study, we used three types of morphological parameters of 15 residential areas in Xuzhou City and air temperature data via field investigation to analyze air temperature regulation caused by residential area morphology. The results showed that key morphological parameters of residential areas were different in morning and afternoon. In morning, independent effects of mean building height, street aspect ratio, and complete aspect ratio contributed 15.4%, 7.3%, and 6.8%, while those of building density, sky view factor, and the ratio of building surface area to floor area were 21.1%, 23.1%, and 6.9% in afternoon, respectively. Threshold values of efficiency of morphological parameters of residential areas were different between morning and afternoon. There were significant correlations between some morphological parameters of residential area. The results could provide data support and methodological reference for residential areas design in Xuzhou and surrounding cities.
Key words: urban thermal environment, microclimate, residential area design, threshold value of efficiency, regulatory planning
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