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耕层土壤虚实结构优化春玉米根系形态提高水分利用效率

花匠小妙招
2024-11-21 09:58

摘要: 为了探明耕层构造对春玉米水分利用效率和根系形态的影响，该文在国家农业环境阜新科学观测实验站利用长期定位试验，设置了虚实并存耕层（furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer，FLRC）、全虚耕层（all loose plough layer，AL）、全实耕层（all compaction plough layer，AC）、上虚下实耕层（up loose and down compaction plough layer，ULDC，CK）4种耕层构造方式，开展了不同耕层构造对春玉米水分利用效率和根系形态影响的研究。2015和2016年数据分析结果表明，虚实并存耕层可以显著增加春玉米籽粒产量（P＜0.05），增幅18.19%～34.86%，增产的原因是行粒数显著提高；显著提高单株干物质量（P＜0.05），增幅5.18%～11.30%。虚实并存耕层能够显著提高春玉米耗水量、生物产量水分利用效率和籽粒产量利用效率（P＜0.05），增幅分别为1.20%～5.42%、2.74%～6.23%和18.23%～31.49%，且不同降雨年型下表现不同，干旱年份以虚实并存和全实耕层构造为宜，丰水年份以虚实并存和全虚耕层构造为宜。虚实并存耕层对春玉米灌浆期根重密度、根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度等形态指标影响显著（P＜0.05）。相关分析表明，虚实并存耕层提高春玉米产量的根系形态指标主要是根重密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度；提高春玉米生物产量水分利用效率、籽粒产量水分利用效率、生育期降水利用效率的根系形态指标主要是根重密度。综合分析认为，虚实并存耕层是提高春玉米水分利用效率和促进根系形态发育的最优耕层结构，在辽西旱作农田合理耕层构建中具有一定的应用价值。

关键词: 土壤 / 产量 / 水分利用效率 / 春玉米 / 根系形态

Abstract: Abstract: To design the construction of the plough layer can be an important approach to solve rainfed farmland problems. In order to investigate the effect of plough layer construction on water use efficiency (WUE) and root morphology of spring maize, four tillage construction modes, including up the loose and down compaction plough layer (ULDC, CK), the furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer (FLRC), the all loose plough layer (AL) and the all compaction plough layer (AC), were selected to carried out the two years（year of 2015 and 2016）tests at the Fuxin Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment of China. The results showed that there was a significant influence on the grain yield of spring maize in these four plough layer constructions. In two years of 2015 and 2016, the maize grain yield under the treatment of FLRC was the highest (8 630.47±304.33 and 11 865.41±410.85 kg/hm2 respectively), the treatments of AC was 8 601.47±388.18 and 11 865.41 kg/hm2 respectively, and AL was 7 600.27±756.73 and 10 803.56±410.85 kg/hm2 respectively, whereas the yield under the treatments of CK was lowest (6 436.52±412.46 and 9 140.73±267.83 kg/hm2 respectively). The FLRC treatment raised the yield of spring maize by 18.19% to 34.86% from 2015 to 2016 compared with CK, it was mainly due to an increase in the number of grains per row. After the FLRC treatment, the spring maize biomass (P<0.05) was also enhanced with an the rising rate of 5.18% to 11.30% compared with CK from 2015 to 2016. There was great benefit to the water use of spring maize after the FLRC treatment, with an increment of 1.20% to 5.42% in water consumption, with an increment of 2.74% to 6.23% in biomass WUE and with an increment of 18.23% to 31.49% in yield WUE (P＜0.05) compared with CK in 2015. In addition, these observed results varied between the dry year and wet year. The treatments of FLRC and AC were better suitable for the dry year, while the treatments of FLRC and AL were better suitable for the wet year. In the FLRC treatment, three factors, including the weight density of roots, the length density and the surface area density of roots, can result in the enhancement of the yield of the spring maize during the filling stage. The weight density root was dominated to promote the WUE of biological yield, the WUE of grain yield and the use efficiency of rainfall. The findings demonstrated that the furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer (FLRC) can served as an efficient soil construction to improve WUE and the root morphology of the cropland, and provide insightful potentials into the dryland farming near the western Liaoning Province in the northeastern of China.

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