中国农业植物病原菌物常见种属名录
植物病害对地球生态环境和人类的生存发展有着重要影响。据联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO)统计,每年由植物病害造成的粮食产量损失可达总产量的10%- 15%,经济损失可达年均2 000亿美元(Agrios 2005)。引起植物病害的病原物主要有菌物、原核生物、病毒、线虫、寄生性植物等,其中已知引起植物病害的菌物约有3万种以上,占植物病害的70%-80% (Manoharachary et al. 2021)。近20年间,由菌物引起的植物病害愈加严重(Fisher et al. 2012),在植物病理学工作中,准确诊断病害类型和识别病原微生物是十分重要的。
学名作为生物的信息载体,是准确认识生物体的关键。对于植物病原菌物而言,学名传达了病原体自身特点、病理特征、分布区域和潜在风险等相关信息,规范使用学名为这些信息的可靠性提供了保障,对学术交流、信息传递和大众科普等工作的开展提供桥梁。相反,使用不准确的物种名称可能会导致难以预估的后果,如采取错误的防治、控制措施,意外导致病原物入侵等。
《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》是管理菌物命名的国际性法规,近十年间,该命名法规经过了2次修订,发生了较大变化,对植物病原菌物学名的命名和使用带来了一系列影响。2011年,在荷兰阿姆斯特丹召开的“One Fungus, One Name”国际研讨会上,菌物学家广泛认可了一个真菌、一个名称的命名系统,并发表了“菌物命名阿姆斯特丹宣言”(Hawksworth et al. 2011)。该提议在当年墨尔本举行的国际植物学大会上被采纳,并写入《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》(墨尔本法规) (McNeill et al. 2012)。2017年,在深圳召开的第19届国际植物学大会上,关于多性型菌物的命名规则进一步完善,原有的无性型名称和有性型名称享有同等的优先权,完全遵循发表日期的优先律以竞争合法名称(Hawksworth & Yao 2018)。根据上述新命名法规的变化,多型的植物病原菌物仅有一个合法的拉丁学名。之前同时拥有有性时期(有性型)和无性时期(无性型) 2个名称甚至更多的菌物名称将依照优先律修订。如引起稻瘟病的病原真菌,其原有无性态名称稻梨孢Pyricularia oryzae Cavara和有性态名称灰色大角间座壳Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch 均为合法名称,但根据最新命名法规,较早发表的稻梨孢P. oryzae作为唯一合法名称,而较晚发表的有性态名称灰色大角间座壳M. oryzae成为异名。
21世纪以来,菌物分类学飞速发展,取得了一系列重要成果。近5年间,全球年均发现和描述的菌物新物种超过2 000个,发表新高阶分类单元数量约400个(王科等 2021),其中也包括了大量新发表的植物病原菌物,如由口岸检疫鉴定发现的植物病原菌物新种大麦附球菌Epicoccum hordei Qian Chen, Crous & L. Cai (Chen et al. 2017)。除此之外,随着研究方法不断丰富以及对于菌物认知的深入,菌物的高阶分类系统也在不断发生变化。近年来,担子菌和子囊菌的高阶分类系统得到了全面梳理和修订(Wijayawardene et al. 2018;He et al. 2019)。其中也涉及到部分植物病原菌物的分类地位变动。如,壳囊孢属Cytospora Ehrenb.真菌可引起苹果腐烂病等病害,其在《真菌辞典》第十版中被认为是黑腐皮壳属Valsa Fr.的异名而归属于黑腐皮壳科Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul. (Kirk et al. 2008),而最新的研究恢复了壳囊孢属的地位并将其科的归属调整为壳囊孢科Cytosporaceae Fr. (Senanayake et al. 2017)。
1 材料与方法
本研究从中国菌物名录数据库(https://nmdc.cn/fungarium/fungi/chinadirectories)和部分植物病理学经典教科书(谢联辉2013;侯明生和黄俊斌 2014;董金皋等 2016)中摘取引起农业植物病害的病原菌物信息,参照《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》(深圳法规) (McNeill et al. 2018)、《真菌字典》第十版(Kirk et al. 2008)、世界菌物名称数据库(Index Fungorum, http://www.indexfung orum.org/;MycoBank, https://www.mycobank.org/)和最新的分类学研究成果,核对拉丁学名,并为其匹配最新分类系统对应的高阶分类单元。依据《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》(中国菌物学会 1987)选取和拟定汉语学名。将上述结果进行整理汇总,编制为中国农业病原菌物常见种属名录。
2 结果与分析
本名录共收录了中国分布的常见农业植物病原菌物名称590个,涉及菌物物种370种,隶属于2界7门15纲47目84科168属,包括假菌界的根肿菌目1科2属2种、卵菌门1纲3目4科14属34种以及真菌界5门13纲43目79科152属334种。名录按照分类地位由高到低、以拉丁学名首字母顺序排列,列出了农业植物病原菌物的分类地位、拉丁学名、汉语学名、病害名称和常见异名,及所引起的植物病害。
2.1 假菌界Chromista2.1.1 丝足虫门Cercozoa根肿菌属 Plasmodiophora Woronin
Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin芸苔根肿菌(根肿病)
Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh. 马铃薯粉痂菌(马铃薯粉痂病)
2.1.2 卵菌门Oomycota白锈菌属 Albugo (Pers.) Roussel
Albugo candida (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Roussel 白锈菌(白锈病)
Albugo ipomoeae-aquaticae Sawada 蕹菜白锈菌(蕹菜白锈病)
Bremia lactucae Regel 莴苣盘梗霉(霜霉病)
无色霜霉属 Hyaloperonospora Constant.
Hyaloperonospora brassicae (Gäum.) Göker et al. 芥无色霜霉(霜霉病)
≡Peronospora brassicae Gäum. 芸苔霜霉(霜霉病)
Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.) Constant. 寄生无色霜霉(霜霉病)
≡Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr. 寄生霜霉(霜霉病)
霜指霉属 Peronosclerospora (S. Ito) Hara
Peronosclerospora maydis (Racib.) C.G. Shaw 玉蜀黍霜指霉(玉米霜霉病)
Peronosclerospora sacchari (T. Miyake) Shirai & Hara 甘蔗霜指霉(甘蔗霜霉病)
Peronospora hyoscyami de Bary 天仙子霜霉(烟草霜霉病)
=Peronospora tabacina D.B. Adam 烟草霜霉(烟草霜霉病)
Peronospora manshurica (Naumov) Syd. 东北霜霉(大豆霜霉病)
=Peronophythora C.C. Chen ex W.H. Ko et al. 霜疫霉属
Phytophthora boehmeriae Sawada 苎麻疫霉(棉铃疫病、苎麻疫霉病)
Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. 恶疫霉(水果疫腐病、人参疫病、根腐病)
Phytophthora capsici Leonian 辣椒疫霉(辣椒疫病、茄子绵疫病、疫霉病)
Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands 樟疫霉(疫霉病、菠萝心腐病)
Phytophthora fragariae Hickman 草莓疫霉(草莓根腐病、水稻苗疫霉病)
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary 致病疫霉(马铃薯晚疫病、蔬菜晚疫病)
Phytophthora litchii (C.C. Chen ex W.H. Ko et al.) Voglmayr et al. 荔枝疫霉(荔枝霜疫霉病)
≡Peronophythora litchii C.C. Chen ex W.H. Ko et al. 荔枝霜疫霉(荔枝霜疫霉病)
Phytophthora melonis Katsura黄瓜疫霉(瓜类疫病)
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan 烟草疫霉(根腐病、番茄绵疫病、菠萝心腐病、烟草黑胫病)
=Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M. Waterh. 烟草疫霉寄生变种(菠萝心腐病、韭菜疫病)
=Phytophthora parasitica Dastur 寄生疫霉(根腐病、番茄绵疫病)
=Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker 寄生疫霉烟草变种(烟草黑胫病)
Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler 棕榈疫霉(疫病、根腐病、脚腐病、菠萝心腐病)
单轴霉属 Plasmopara J. Schröt.
Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & de Toni 霍尔斯单轴霉(向日葵霜霉病)
Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & de Toni 葡萄生单轴霉(葡萄霜霉病)
假霜霉属 Pseudoperonospora Rostovzev
Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rostovzev 古巴假霜霉(瓜类霜霉病)
≡Peronospora cubensis Berk. & M.A. Curtis 古巴霜霉(霜霉病)
指疫霉属 Sclerophthora Thirum. et al.
Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Thirum. et al. 指疫霉(麦稻霜霉病、玉米疯顶病、黄化萎缩病)
指梗霉属 Sclerospora J. Schröt.
Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) J. Schröt. 禾生指梗霉(谷子白发病)
球状孢囊菌属 Globisporangium Uzuhashi et al.
Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi et al. 不规则球状孢囊菌(腐霉病)
≡Pythium irregulare Buisman 畸雌腐霉(腐霉病)
Globisporangium spinosum (Sawada) Uzuhashi et al. 刺球状孢囊菌(腐霉病)
≡Pythium spinosum Sawada 刺腐霉(腐霉病、玉米茎腐病)
Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi et al. 终极球状孢囊菌(腐霉病、猝倒病、大豆根腐病)
=Pythium ultimum Trow 终极腐霉(腐霉病、猝倒病、大豆根腐病)
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. 瓜果腐霉(腐霉病、根腐病、猝倒病、绵腐病、玉米茎腐病)
Pythium graminicola Subraman. 禾生腐霉(玉米茎腐病、青枯病)
Pythium inflatum V.D. Matthews 肿囊腐霉(玉米茎腐病、青枯病)
Achlya flagellata Coker 鞭绵霉(水稻绵腐病)
Achlya oryzae S. Ito & Nagai 稻绵霉(水稻绵腐病)
Achlya prolifera Nees 层出绵霉(稻苗绵腐病)
Saprolegnia monilifera de Bary 串囊水霉(水稻烂秧病)
2.2 真菌界Fungi2.2.1 子囊菌门Ascomycota葡萄座腔菌科 Botryosphaeriaceae
葡萄座腔菌属 Botryosphaeria Ces. & de Not.
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not. 葡萄座腔菌(溃疡病、果树流胶病、苹果轮纹病、干腐病)
=Botryosphaeria berengeriana de Not. 贝伦格葡萄座腔菌(轮纹病、干腐病)
Botryosphaeria festucae (Lib.) Arx & E. Müll. 羊茅葡萄座腔菌(玉米穗腐病)
Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai (Hara) G.Y. Sun & E. Tanaka 粗皮葡萄座腔菌(苹果轮纹病、梨轮纹病)
≡Macrophoma kuwatsukai Hara 轮纹大茎点菌(轮纹病)
=Physalospora pyricola Nose 梨生囊孢壳(梨轮纹病)
=Guignardia pyricola (Nose) W. Yamamoto 梨生球座菌(梨轮纹病)
=Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. pyricola Koganezawa & Sakuma 贝伦格葡萄座腔菌梨生专化性(梨轮纹病)
Botryosphaeria zeae (G.L. Stout) Arx & E. Müll. 玉蜀黍葡萄座腔菌(玉米穗腐病)
Dothiorella dominicana Petr. & Cif. 多米尼加小穴壳菌(白腐病、芒果蒂腐病)
Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. 簇小穴壳菌(溃疡病、苹果轮纹病)
毛色二孢属 Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. 可可毛色二孢(果实焦腐病、蒂腐病、棉铃黑果病)
≡Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. 可可球色单隔孢(枯梢病、黑枯病、果实焦腐病、芒果蒂腐病)
=Diplodia gossypina Cooke 棉壳色单隔孢(棉铃黑果病、花生茎腐病)
=Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans 蒂腐壳色单隔孢(柑橘蒂腐病、菠萝蜜果腐病)
=Physalospora rhodina Berk. & M.A. Curtis 柑橘囊孢壳(柑橘蒂腐病)
大茎点菌属 Macrophoma (Sacc.) Berl. & Voglino
Macrophoma mame Hara 豆荚大茎点菌(大豆荚枯病)
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. 豆类壳球孢(黄麻枯腐病、芝麻茎点枯病、甘薯黑痣病、棉花炭腐病)
=Macrophoma corchori Sawada 黄麻大茎点菌(黄麻枯腐病、芝麻茎点枯病)
=Macrophoma phaseoli Maubl. 菜豆大茎点菌(芝麻茎点枯病)
=Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) S.F. Ashby 菜豆壳球孢(甘薯黑痣病、芝麻茎点枯病)
=Sclerotium bataticola Taubenh. 甘薯生小核菌(棉花炭腐病)
新壳梭孢属 Neofusicoccum Crous et al.
Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous et al. 小新壳梭孢(核桃枝枯病)
=Guignardia Viala & Ravaz 球座菌属
Phyllosticta capsici Speg. 辣椒叶点霉(辣椒白星病)
Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa 柑果叶点霉(柑橘黑斑病、黑星病)
≡Phoma citricarpa McAlpine 柑果茎点霉(柑橘黑星病)
=Guignardia citricarpa Kiely 柑果球座菌(柑橘黑斑病)
Phyllosticta corchori Sawada 黄麻叶点霉(黄麻叶枯病、褐斑病)
Phyllosticta gossypina Ellis & G. Martin 棉小叶点霉(棉花褐斑病)
Phyllosticta ipomoeae Ellis & Kellerm. 蕹菜叶点霉(蕹菜轮斑病)
Phyllosticta lycopersici Peck 番茄叶点霉(番茄圆斑病)
Phyllosticta malkoffii Bubák 马尔科夫叶点霉(棉花褐斑病)
Phyllosticta musarum (Cooke) Aa 芭蕉叶点霉(香蕉炭疽病、黑星病)
=Macrophoma musae (Sacc.) Berl. & Voglino 香蕉大茎点菌(香蕉炭疽病)
Phyllosticta oryzicola Hara 稻生叶点霉(稻叶尖白枯病)
Phyllosticta solitaria Ellis & Everh. 孤生叶点霉(苹果圆斑病、褐纹病)
Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm. 柑橘煤炱(煤污病)
Cladosporium caricinum C.F. Zhang & P.K. Chi 番木瓜枝孢(番木瓜疮痂病)
Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada 芋枝孢(芋头污斑病)
Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur 瓜枝孢(黄瓜黑星病)
Selenophoma tritici X.J. Liu et al. 小麦壳月孢(小麦白秆病)
尾孢属 Cercospora Fresen. ex Fuckel
Cercospora beticola Sacc. 蕃菜生尾孢(甜菜褐斑病)
Cercospora canescens Ellis & G. Martin 变灰尾孢(豇豆红斑病)
Cercospora capsici Heald & F.A. Wolf 辣椒尾孢(辣椒褐斑病)
Cercospora citrullina Cooke 瓜类尾孢(黄瓜灰斑病)
Cercospora corchori Sawada 黄麻尾孢(黄麻茎斑病)
Cercospora gossypina Cooke 棉尾孢(棉花叶斑病)
Cercospora kikuchii (Tak. Matsumoto & Tomoy.) M.W. Gardner 菊池尾孢(大豆紫斑病)
Cercospora malayensis F. Stevens & Solheim 马来尾孢(红麻斑点病)
Cercospora melongenae Welles 茄尾孢(茄子褐色圆星病)
Cercospora nicotianae Ellis & Everh. 烟草尾孢(烟草蛙眼病)
=Cercospora vignae Racib. 豇豆尾孢(豇豆煤霉病)
Cercospora janseana (Racib.) Constant. 詹森尾孢(稻条叶枯病、窄条斑病)
=Cercospora oryzae I. Miyake 稻尾孢(稻条叶枯病、窄条斑病)
Cercospora sojina Hara 大豆尾孢(大豆灰斑病)
Cercospora sorghi Ellis & Everh. 高粱尾孢(高粱紫斑病)
Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon & E.Y. Daniels 玉蜀黍尾孢(玉米灰斑病)
Cercospora zeina Crous & U. Braun 玉米尾孢(玉米灰斑病)
Cercospora zonata G. Winter 轮纹尾孢(蚕豆轮纹病)
=Cercospora fabae Fautrey 蚕豆尾孢(蚕豆轮纹病)
Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. 褐孢霉(番茄叶霉病)
≡Cladosporium fulvum Cooke 黄枝孢(番茄叶霉病)
球腔菌属 Mycosphaerella Johanson
Mycosphaerella hordeicola (Hara) Kauffman 大麦生球腔菌(小麦叶鞘枯萎病)
Mycosphaerella pruni-persicae Deighton 桃球腔菌(桃白霉病)
=Cercosporella persicae (Sacc.) Sacc. 桃小尾孢(桃白霉病)
Mycosphaerella pyri (Auersw.) Boerema 梨生球腔菌(梨褐斑病)
=Mycosphaerella sentina (Fr.) J. Schröt. 梨球腔菌(梨褐斑病)
菌绒孢属 Mycovellosiella Rangel
Mycovellosiella myrtacearum A.N. Rai et al. 桃金娘菌绒孢(褐污斑病)
新假小尾孢属 Neopseudocercosporella Videira & Crous
Neopseudocercosporella capsellae (Ellis & Everh.) Videira & Crous 芸薹新假小尾孢(白斑病)
≡Pseudocercosporella capsellae (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton 芸薹假小尾孢(油菜白斑病)
=Cercosporella albomaculans (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc. 白斑小尾孢(蔬菜白斑病)
假钉孢属 Nothopassalora U. Braun et al.
Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun et al. 球假钉孢(花生叶斑病)
≡Cercospora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ellis 球座尾孢(花生叶斑病、黑斑病)
≡Passalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S.A. Khan & M. Kamal 球钉孢霉(花生叶斑病)
=Mycosphaerella berkeleyi W.A. Jenkins 伯克利球腔菌(花生叶斑病)
Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun 落花生钉孢霉(花生褐斑病)
≡Cercospora arachidicola Hori 落花生尾孢(花生褐斑病)
=Mycosphaerella arachidis Deighton 花生球腔菌(花生褐斑病)
Passalora concors (Casp.) U. Braun & Crous 绒层钉孢霉(马铃薯叶斑病)
≡Cercospora concors (Casp.) Sacc. 绒层尾孢(马铃薯叶斑病)
Passalora koepkei (W. Krüger) U. Braun & Crous 散梗钉孢霉(甘蔗黄斑病)
≡Cercospora koepkei W. Krüger 散梗尾孢(甘蔗黄斑病)
≡Mycovellosiella koepkei (W. Krüger) Deighton 散梗菌绒孢(甘蔗黄斑病)
Passalora vaginae (W. Krüger) U. Braun & Crous 蔗鞘钉孢霉(甘蔗叶鞘赤斑病)
≡Cercospora vaginae W. Krüger 蔗鞘尾孢(甘蔗叶鞘赤斑病)
李生孢属 Pruniphilomyces Crous & Bulgakov
Pruniphilomyces circumscissus (Sacc.) Crous & Bulgakov 核果李生孢(穿孔病、桃褐斑病)
≡Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. 核果尾孢(穿孔病、圆星病、叶斑病、桃褐斑病)
≡Pseudocercospora circumscissa (Sacc.) Y.L. Guo & X.J. Liu 核果假尾孢(桃褐斑穿孔病)
假尾孢属 Pseudocercospora Speg.
=Phaeoisariopsis Ferraris 褐柱丝霉属
Pseudocercospora boehmeriigena U. Braun 苎麻假尾孢(苎麻角斑病)
=Cercospora boehmeriae Peck 苎麻尾孢(苎麻角斑病)
Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Crous & U. Braun 灰假尾孢(菜豆角斑病)
≡Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris 灰褐柱丝霉(菜豆角斑病)
Pseudocercospora musae (Zimm.) Deighton 芭蕉假尾孢(香蕉叶斑病)
Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév.) Speg. 葡萄假尾孢(葡萄褐斑病)
≡Phaeoisariopsis vitis (Lév.) Sawada 葡萄褐柱丝霉(葡萄褐斑病)
=Isariopsis Fresen. 拟棒束孢属
Ramularia carthami Zaprom. 红花柱隔孢(红花褐斑病)
Ramulispora sorghi (Ellis & Everh.) L.S. Olive & Lefebvre 高粱座枝孢(高粱煤纹病)
Septoria apiicola Speg. 芹菜生壳针孢(芹菜斑枯病)
Septoria helianthi Ellis & Kellerm. 向日葵壳针孢(向日葵褐斑病)
Septoria lycopersici Speg. 番茄壳针孢(番茄白星病)
Sphaerulina rubi Demaree & M.S. Wilcox 悬钩子亚球壳(叶斑病)
Stigmina carpophila (Lév.) M.B. Ellis 嗜果叶斑孢(桃霉斑穿孔病、杏果实斑点病)
≡Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lév.) Aderh. 嗜果刀孢(桃霉斑穿孔病、杏果实斑点病)
Zasmidium citri (Whiteside) Crous 柑橘平脐疣孢(柑橘脂点黄斑病)
≡Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside 柑橘球腔菌(柑橘脂点黄斑病)
发酵壳针孢属 Zymoseptoria Quaedvl. & Crous
Zymoseptoria tritici (Roberge ex Desm.) Quaedvl. & Crous 小麦发酵壳针孢(壳针孢叶枯病)
≡Septoria tritici Roberge ex Desm. 小麦壳针孢(壳针孢叶枯病)
=Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schröt. 禾生球腔菌(叶枯病)
Elsinoe ampelina Shear 葡萄痂囊腔菌(葡萄黑痘病)
=Sphaceloma ampelinum de Bary 葡萄痂圆孢(葡萄黑痘病)
Elsinoe batatas Viégas & Jenkins 番茄痂囊腔菌(甘薯疮痂病)
Elsinoe fawcettii Bitanc. & Jenkins 柑橘痂囊腔菌(柑橘疮痂病)
=Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenkins 柑橘痂圆孢(柑橘疮痂病)
Coniothyrium litchii P.K. Chi & Z.D. Jiang 荔枝盾壳霉(荔枝斑点病)
Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei 山扁豆生棒孢(轮纹病、褐斑病)
=Cercospora vignicola E. Kawam. 豇豆生尾孢(豇豆轮纹病)
Corynespora sesameum (Sacc.) Goto 芝麻棒孢(芝麻叶枯病)
Ascochyta boehmeriae Woron. 苎麻壳二胞菌(苎麻褐斑病)
Ascochyta cucumis Fautrey & Roum. 黄瓜壳二胞菌(黄瓜蔓枯病)
Ascochyta sesami Miura 芝麻壳二胞菌(芝麻褐斑病)
Didymella arachidicola (Khokhr.) Tomilin 落花生亚隔孢壳(花生网斑病)
≡Mycosphaerella arachidicola Khokhr. 落花生球腔菌(花生叶斑病)
=Ascochyta arachidis Woron. 花生壳二孢菌(花生网斑病)
=Phoma arachidicola Marasas et al. 落花生茎点霉(花生网斑病)
Didymella bryoniae (Fuckel) Rehm 瓜类亚隔孢壳(瓜类蔓枯病)
=Mycosphaerella melonis (Pass.) W.F. Chiu & J.C. Walker 甜瓜球腔菌(瓜类蔓枯病)
Didymella protuberans (Lév.) Qian Chen & L. Cai 突起亚隔孢壳(苹果黑腐病)
=Peyronellaea obtusa (Fuckel) Aveskamp et al. 仁果派伦霉(苹果黑腐病)
=Physalospora obtusa (Schwein.) Cooke 仁果囊孢壳(苹果黑腐病)
Epicoccum sorghinum (Sacc.) Aveskamp et al. 高粱附球菌(轮斑病、稻颖枯病、斑点病)
≡Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema et al. 高粱茎点霉(稻颖枯病、大麦斑点病)
=Leptosphaeria sacchari Breda de Haan 甘蔗小球腔菌(甘蔗轮斑病)
小光壳属 Leptosphaerulina McAlpine
Leptosphaerulina crassiasca (Séchet) C.R. Jacks. & D.K. Bell 花生小光壳(花生焦斑病)
近茎点霉属 Nothophoma Qian Chen & L. Cai
Nothophoma gossypiicola (Gruyter) Qian Chen & L. Cai 棉近茎点霉(棉花茎枯病)
=Ascochyta gossypii Woron. 棉壳二胞菌(棉花茎枯病)
Phoma panacicola Nakata & S. Takim. 人参生茎点霉(人参黑干腐病)
拟壳多胞菌属 Stagonosporopsis Died.
Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (Fr.) Aveskamp et al. 葫芦拟壳多胞菌(斑枯病)
异孢霉属 Heterosporicola Crous
Heterosporicola chenopodii (Westend.) Crous 藜异孢霉(菠菜叶点病)
≡Phyllosticta chenopodii Westend. 藜叶点霉(菠菜叶点病)
小球腔菌属 Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not.
Leptosphaeria maculans Ces. & De Not. 斑点小球腔菌(黑胫病)
=Phoma lingam (Tode) Desm. 黑胫茎点霉(黑胫病)
Plenodomus biglobosus (Shoemaker & H. Brun) Gruyter et al. 双球壳满孢(油菜黑胫病)
≡Leptosphaeria biglobosa Shoemaker & H. Brun 双球小球腔菌(油菜黑胫病)
亚丰屋菌属 Subplenodomus Gruyter et al.
Subplenodomus apiicola (Kleb.) Gruyter et al. 芹生亚丰屋菌(芹菜黑腐病)
≡Phoma apiicola Kleb. 芹生茎点霉(芹菜黑腐病)
长蠕孢属 Helminthosporium Link
Helminthosporium carposaprum Pollack 番茄长蠕孢(番茄褐斑病)
新凸轮孢属 Neocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf.
Neocamarosporium betae (Berl.) Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde 甜菜新凸轮孢(蛇眼菌黑腐病)
≡Pleospora betae (Berl.) Nevod. 甜菜格孢腔菌(蛇眼菌黑腐病)
=Phoma betae A.B. Frank 菾菜茎点霉(甜菜黑腐病、甘蔗蛇眼病)
近壳多胞菌属 Parastagonospora Quaedvl. et al.
Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvl. et al. 颖枯近壳多胞菌(小麦颖枯病)
≡Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. 颖枯壳针孢(小麦颖枯病)
壳多胞菌属 Stagonospora (Sacc.) Sacc.
Stagonospora sacchari T.T. Lo & L. Ling 甘蔗壳多胞菌(甘蔗叶焦病)
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 互隔链格孢(黑斑病、烟草赤星病、苹果斑点落叶病)
Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. 芸苔链格孢(黑斑病)
Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire 芸苔生链格孢(油菜黑斑病)
Alternaria cucumerina (Ellis & Everh.) J.A. Elliott 瓜链格孢(瓜类黑斑病、叶枯病)
Alternaria dauci (J.G. Kühn) J.W. Groves & Skolko 胡萝卜链格孢(胡萝卜黑斑病)
Alternaria mali Roberts 苹果链格孢(苹果轮斑病)
Alternaria panax Whetzel 人参链格孢(人参黑斑病)
Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. 葱链格孢(葱紫斑病)
Alternaria raphani J.W. Groves & Skolko 萝卜链格孢(油菜黑斑病)
Alternaria solani Sorauer 茄链格孢(早疫病)
Alternaria triticina Prasada & Prabhu 小麦链格孢(小麦叶枯病、根腐病)
平脐蠕孢属 Bipolaris Shoemaker
=Cochliobolus Drechsler旋孢腔菌属
Bipolaris maydis (Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake) Shoemaker 玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢(玉米小斑病)
≡Drechslera maydis (Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake) Subram. & B.L. Jain 玉蜀黍内脐蠕孢(玉米小斑病)
≡Helminthosporium maydis Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake 玉蜀黍长蠕孢(玉米小斑病)
=Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechsler) Drechsler 异旋孢腔菌(玉米小斑病)
=Ophiobolus heterostrophus Drechsler 异蛇孢腔菌(玉米小斑病)
Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker 稻平脐蠕孢(水稻胡麻斑病)
=Cochliobolus miyabeanus (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur 宫部旋孢腔菌(水稻胡麻斑病)
Bipolaris sacchari (E.J. Butler) Shoemaker 甘蔗平脐蠕孢(甘蔗眼斑病)
Bipolaris setariae Shoemaker 狗尾草平脐蠕孢(谷子胡麻斑病)
≡Drechslera setariae (Shoemaker) Subram. & B.L. Jain 狗尾草内脐蠕孢(谷子胡麻斑病)
Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoemaker 麦根腐平脐蠕孢(小麦根腐病、叶枯病、黑点病)
≡Drechslera sorokiniana (Shoemaker) Subram. & B.L. Jain 麦根腐内脐蠕孢(小麦根腐病)
=Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur 禾旋孢腔菌(小麦根腐病、叶枯病)
=Helminthosporium sativum Pammel et al. 麦根腐长蠕孢(小麦根腐病)
=Helminthosporium sorokinianum Sacc. 禾草长蠕孢(小麦根腐病)
Bipolaris stenospila (Drechsler ex Faris) Shoemaker 狭斑平脐蠕孢(甘蔗褐条病)
Curvularia clavata B.L. Jain 棒状弯孢(弯孢菌叶斑病)
Curvularia eragrostidis (Henn.) J.A. Mey. 画眉草弯孢(弯孢菌叶斑病)
Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn 不等弯孢(弯孢菌叶斑病)
Curvularia intermedia Boedijn 中隔弯孢(弯孢菌叶斑病)
Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn 弯孢(弯孢菌叶斑病)
=Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & F.A. Haasis 新月旋孢腔菌(弯孢菌叶斑病)
Curvularia pallescens Boedijn 苍白弯孢(弯孢菌叶斑病)
Drechslera sesami (I. Miyake) M.J. Richardson & E.M. Fraser 芝麻内脐蠕孢(芝麻叶枯病)
≡Helminthosporium sesami I. Miyake 芝麻长蠕孢(芝麻叶枯病)
Drechslera zizaniae (Y. Nisik.) Subram. & B.L. Jain 菰内脐蠕孢(茭白胡麻斑病)
≡Bipolaris zizaniae (Y. Nisik.) Shoemaker 茭白平脐蠕孢(茭白胡麻斑病)
凸脐蠕孢属 Exserohilum K.J. Leonard & Suggs
=Setosphaeria K.J. Leonard & Suggs 毛球腔菌属
Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs 大斑病凸脐蠕孢(高粱玉米大斑病)
≡Bipolaris turcica (Pass.) Shoemaker 大斑病平脐蠕孢(玉米大斑病)
≡Drechslera turcica (Pass.) Subram. & B.L. Jain 大斑病内脐蠕孢(玉米大斑病)
≡Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. 大斑病长蠕孢(玉米大斑病)
=Setosphaeria turcica (Luttr.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs 玉米毛球腔菌(玉米大斑病)
格孢腔菌属 Pleospora Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not.
Pleospora mangiferae A. Pande 杧果格孢腔菌(芒果叶灰枯病)
Pyrenophora graminea S. Ito & Kurib. 麦类核腔菌(大麦条纹病)
=Drechslera graminea (Rabenh. ex Schltdl.) S. Ito 禾内脐蠕孢(大麦条纹病)
=Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh. 禾长蠕孢(大麦条纹病)
Pyrenophora teres Drechsler 圆核腔菌(大麦网斑病)
=Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoemaker 大麦网斑内脐蠕孢(大麦网斑病)
Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. 匍柄霉(葱黑斑病、叶枯病)
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 囊状匍柄霉(黑斑病、叶枯病、大蒜叶疫病)
=Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. 枯叶格孢腔菌(黑斑病、叶枯病)
=Fusicladium Bonord. 黑星孢属
Venturia carpophila E.E. Fisher 嗜果黑星菌(疮痂病、穿孔病、桃黑星病)
=Cladosporium carpophilum Thüm. 嗜果枝孢(疮痂病、穿孔病、桃黑星病)
Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter 苹果黑星菌(苹果黑星病)
Venturia nashicola S. Tanaka & S. Yamam. 纳雪黑星菌(黑星病)
Venturia pyrina Aderh. 梨黑星菌(梨黑星病)
=Fusicladium pyrorum (Lib.) Fuckel 梨黑星孢(梨黑星病)
丹尼斯霉属 Dennisiella Bat. & Cif.
Dennisiella babingtonii (Berk.) Bat. & Cif. 丹尼斯霉(煤污病)
=Capnodium footii Harv. ex Berk. & Desm. 富特煤炱(煤污病)
曲霉属 Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller
Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 黑曲霉(腐烂病、花生黑霉病)
Penicillium chrysogenum Thom 产黄青霉(青霉穗腐病)
Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. 指状青霉(柑橘绿霉病)
Penicillium expansum Link 扩展青霉(苹果、柑橘青霉病)
Penicillium glaucum Link 灰绿青霉(青霉穗腐病)
Penicillium italicum Wehmer 意大利青霉(柑橘青霉病)
Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom 草酸青霉(青霉穗腐病、青霉颖枯病)
篮状菌属 Talaromyces C.R. Benj.
Talaromyces funiculosus (Thom) Samson et al. 绳状篮状菌(青霉穗腐病)
≡Penicillium funiculosum Thom 绳状青霉(青霉穗腐病)
双壳属 Diplocarpon F.A. Wolf
Diplocarpon coronariae (Ellis & Davis) Wöhner & Rossman 冠双壳(苹果褐斑病、黑斑病、叶斑病、早期落叶病)
≡Marssonina coronariae (Ellis & Davis) Davis 冠盘二胞菌(苹果褐斑病)
=Diplocarpon mali Y. Harada & Sawamura 苹果双壳(苹果褐斑病)
=Marssonina mali (Henn.) S. Ito 苹果盘二胞菌(苹果褐斑病、黑斑病、叶斑病、早期落叶病)
Diplocarpon mespili (Sorauer) B. Sutton 欧楂双壳(梨叶疫病)
=Fabraea maculata (Lév.) G.F. Atk. 叶斑叶埋盘(梨叶疫病)
盘长孢属 Gloeosporium Desm. & Mont.
Gloeosporium orbiculare (Berk.) Berk. 瓜类盘长孢(瓜类炭疽病)
=Colletotrichum lagenaria (Pass.) Ellis & Halst. 葫芦科刺盘孢(瓜类炭疽病)
=Glomerella cingulata var. orbiculare S.F. Jenkins & Winstead 围小丛壳瓜类变种(瓜类炭疽病)
Marssonina dimocarpi Q. Wang & C.Y. Lai 龙眼盘二胞菌(龙眼叶斑病)
布氏白粉菌属 Blumeria Golovin ex Speer
Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer 禾布氏白粉菌(小麦白粉病)
≡Erysiphe graminis DC. 禾白粉菌(麦类白粉病)
白粉菌属 Erysiphe R. Hedw. ex DC.
Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr. 钩状白粉菌(柳白粉病)
=Uncinula salicis (DC.) G. Winter 柳钩丝壳(柳白粉病)
Erysiphe alphitoides (Griffon & Maubl.) U. Braun & S. Takam. 粉状白粉菌(白粉病)
≡Microsphaera alphitoides Griffon & Maubl. 粉状叉丝壳(白粉病)
Erysiphe betae (Vaňha) Weltzien 甜菜白粉菌(甜菜白粉病)
Erysiphe mori (I. Miyake) U. Braun & S. Takam. 桑白粉菌(桑白粉病)
≡Uncinula mori I. Miyake 桑钩丝壳(桑白粉病)
Erysiphe necator Schwein. 葡萄白粉菌(葡萄白粉病)
≡Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill 葡萄钩丝壳(葡萄白粉病)
Erysiphe pisi DC. 豌豆白粉菌(豌豆白粉病)
Erysiphe polygoni DC. 蓼白粉菌(白粉病)
Erysiphe quercicola S. Takam. & U. Braun 栎生白粉菌(栎白粉病)
=Oidium mangiferae Berthet 芒果粉孢(芒果白粉病)
Erysiphe yamadae (E.S. Salmon) U. Braun & S. Takam. 山田白粉菌(白粉病)
≡Microsphaera yamadae (E.S. Salmon) Syd. & P. Syd. 山田叉丝壳(白粉病)
高氏白粉菌属 Golovinomyces (U. Braun) V.P. Heluta
Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta 二孢高氏白粉菌(白粉病)
≡Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. 二孢白粉菌(烟草、菊科白粉病)
Golovinomyces cucurbitacearum (R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen) Vakal. & Kliron. 葫芦科高氏白粉菌(瓜类白粉病)
≡Erysiphe cucurbitacearum R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen 葫芦科白粉菌(瓜类白粉病)
Golovinomyces lycopersici (Cooke & Massee) L. Kiss 番茄高氏白粉菌(番茄白粉病)
≡Oidium lycopersici Cooke & Massee 番茄粉孢(番茄白粉病)
Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) V.P. Heluta 奥隆特高氏白粉菌(瓜类白粉病)
内丝白粉菌属 Leveillula G. Arnaud
Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud 鞑靼内丝白粉菌(蔬菜白粉病)
≡Oidiopsis taurica (Lév.) E.S. Salmon 鞑靼拟粉孢(蔬菜白粉病)
Oidium melongena Zaprom. 茄子粉孢(茄子白粉病)
Oidium monilioides (Nees) Link 串珠状粉孢(小麦白粉病)
Phyllactinia alnicola U. Braun 桤球针壳(白粉病)
=Microsphaera alni (DC.) G. Winter 桤叉丝壳(白粉病)
Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév. 滴状球针壳(白粉病)
=Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) P. Karst. 榛球针壳(白粉病)
Phyllactinia mali (Duby) U. Braun 苹果球针壳(梨白粉病)
=Phyllactinia pyri (Castagne) Homma 梨球针壳(梨白粉病)
Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.) Lév. 隐敝叉丝单囊壳(山楂白粉病)
=Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) de Bary 蔷薇科叉丝单囊壳(山楂白粉病)
Podosphaera fuliginea (Schltdl.) U. Braun & S. Takam. 烟色叉丝单囊壳(白粉病)
≡Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollacci 烟色单囊壳(白粉病)
Podosphaera fusca (Fr.) U. Braun & Shishkoff 棕丝叉丝单囊壳(瓜类白粉病)
=Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff 苍耳叉丝单囊壳(瓜类白粉病)
=Sphaerotheca cucurbitae (Jacz.) Z.Y. Zhao 瓜类单囊壳(瓜类白粉病)
Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E.S. Salmon 白叉丝单囊壳(苹果白粉病)
=Oidium farinosum Cooke 粉状粉孢(苹果白粉病)
Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de Bary 蔷薇叉丝单囊壳(蔷薇白粉病)
≡Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lév. 蔷薇单囊壳(蔷薇白粉病)
=Oidium leucoconium Desm. 白尘粉孢(蔷薇白粉病)
假粉孢属 Pseudoidium Y.S. Paul & J.N. Kapoor
Pseudoidium neolycopersici (L. Kiss) L. Kiss 新番茄假粉孢(番茄白粉病)
≡Oidium neolycopersici L. Kiss 新番茄粉孢(番茄白粉病)
柱盘孢属 Cylindrosporium Grev.
Cylindrosporium eleocharidis Lentz 荸荠柱盘孢(荸荠茎枯病)
喙孢属 Rhynchosporium Heinsen ex A.B. Frank
Rhynchosporium graminicola Heinsen 禾生喙孢(大麦云纹病)
葡萄孢盘菌属 Botryotinia Whetzel
Botryotinia squamosa Vienn.-Bourg. 鳞状葡萄孢盘菌(韭菜灰霉病)
=Botrytis squamosa J.C. Walker 鳞状葡萄孢(韭菜灰霉病)
葡萄孢属 Botrytis P. Micheli ex Pers.
Botrytis cinerea Pers. 灰葡萄孢(灰霉病)
=Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel 富克葡萄孢盘菌(葡萄黑霉病)
=Sclerotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Fuckel 富克尔核盘菌(蔬菜灰霉病)
Botrytis fabae Sardiña 蚕豆葡萄孢(蚕豆赤斑病)
Ciborinia allii (Sawada) L.M. Kohn 葱叶杯菌(葱类小菌核病)
≡Sclerotinia allii Sawada 大蒜核盘菌(葱类小菌核病)
=Monilia Hill ex F.H. Wigg. 丛梗孢属
Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 实生链核盘菌(核果和仁果褐腐病)
Monilinia fructigena (Pers.) Honey 果生链核盘菌(仁果褐腐病)
≡Monilia fructigena (Pers.) Pers. 仁果丛梗孢(仁果褐腐病)
Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey 核果链核盘菌(核果褐腐病)
=Monilia cinerea Bonord. 灰丛梗孢(核果褐腐病)
= Monilia laxa (Ehrenb.) Sacc. & Voglino 核果丛梗孢(核果褐腐病)
Monilinia mumeicola (Y. Harada et al.) Sand.-Den. & Crous 梅生链核盘菌(桃褐腐病)
Monilinia yunnanensis (M.J. Hu & C.X. Luo) Sand.-Den. & Crous 云南链核盘菌(核果和仁果褐腐病)
≡Monilia yunnanensis M.J. Hu & C.X. Luo 云南丛梗孢(核果和仁果褐腐病)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary 核盘菌(菌核病)
座盘菌属 Stromatinia (Boud.) Boud.
Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel 白腐座盘菌(葱类白腐病)
≡Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. 白腐小核菌(葱类白腐病)
小座孢属 Microdochium Syd. & P. Syd.
=Gerlachia W. Gams & E. Müll. 格氏霉属
=Monographella Petr. 明梭孢属
Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & I.C. Hallett 雪腐小座孢(小麦雪霉病、赤霉病、叶枯病)
=Fusarium nivale Ces. ex Berl. & Voglino 雪腐镰孢(小麦雪霉病)
=Gerlachia nivalis (Ces. ex Berl. & Voglino) W. Gams & E. Müll. 雪腐格氏霉(小麦雪霉叶枯病)
=Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) E. Müll. 雪腐明梭孢(小麦雪霉病)
Microdochium oryzae (Hashioka & Yokogi) Samuels & I.C. Hallett 稻小座孢(稻云形病)
≡Gerlachia oryzae (Hashioka & Yokogi) W. Gams 稻格氏霉(稻云形病)
拟盘多毛孢属 Pestalotiopsis Steyaert
Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert 枯斑拟盘多毛孢(枇杷灰斑病、松赤枯病)
毛链孢属 Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter
Monilochaetes infuscans Harter 薯毛链孢(甘薯黑痣病)
隐丛赤壳属 Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr 寄生隐丛赤壳(板栗疫病、干枯病)
≡Endothia parasitica (Murrill) P.J. Anderson & H.W. Anderson 寄生内座壳(板栗疫病)
=Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák 拟茎点霉属
Diaporthe amygdali (Delacr.) Udayanga et al. 桃间座壳(桃溃疡病)
≡Phomopsis amygdali (Delacr.) J.J. Tuset & M.T. Portilla 桃拟茎点霉(桃溃疡病)
Diaporthe batatas Harter & E.C. Field 甘薯间座壳(甘薯干腐病)
Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.) F.A. Wolf 柑橘间座壳(柑橘树脂病)
≡Phomopsis citri H.S. Fawc. 柑橘拟茎点霉(柑橘树脂病)
Diaporthe fukushii (Tanaka & S. Endô) Dissan. et al. 福士间座壳(梨树干枯病)
≡Phomopsis fukushii Tanaka & S. Endô 福士拟茎点霉(梨树干枯病)
Diaporthe vexans (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Gratz 茄褐纹间座壳(茄子褐纹病)
≡Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Harter 茄褐纹拟茎点霉(茄子褐纹病)
狭壳柱孢属 Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd.
Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) B. Sutton 玉米狭壳柱孢(玉米干腐病)
=Diplodia zeae Lév. 玉蜀黍壳色单隔孢(玉米干腐病)
=Charrinia Viala & Ravaz 近球腔菌属
Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Petr. & Syd. 白腐壳座月孢(葡萄白腐病)
≡Charrinia diplodiella (Speg.) Viala & Ravaz 白腐近球腔菌(葡萄白腐病)
≡Coniothyrium diplodiella (Speg.) Sacc. 白腐盾壳霉(葡萄白腐病)
Cytospora ceratosperma (Tode) G.C. Adams & Rossman 角精壳囊孢(苹果树腐烂病)
≡Valsa ceratosperma (Tode) Maire 角精黑腐皮壳(苹果树腐烂病)
Cytospora mali Grove 苹果壳囊孢(苹果腐烂病)
=Valsa mali Miyabe & G. Yamada 苹果黑腐皮壳(苹果腐烂病)
Cytospora sacculus (Schwein.) Gvrit. 囊状壳囊孢(苹果树腐烂病)
刺盘孢属 Colletotrichum Corda
=Glomerella Spauld. & H. Schrenk 小丛壳属
Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds 尖孢刺盘孢(柑橘、草莓、辣椒炭疽病)
Colletotrichum boehmeriae Sawada 苎麻刺盘孢(苎麻炭疽病)
Colletotrichum circinans (Berk.) Voglino 葱刺盘孢(葱类炭疽病)
Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes 球刺盘孢(炭疽病)
Colletotrichum corchori Ikata & I. Tanaka 黄麻刺盘孢(黄麻炭疽病)
Colletotrichum falcatum Went 镰形刺盘孢(甘蔗赤腐病)
=Physalospora tucumanensis Speg. 塔地囊孢壳(甘蔗赤腐病)
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. 盘长孢状刺盘孢(炭疽病、叶枯病)
=Colletotrichum papayae Henn. 番木瓜刺盘孢(番木瓜炭疽病)
=Gloeosporium fructigenum Berk. 果生盘长孢(苹果炭疽病)
=Glomerella cingulata (G.F. Atk.) Spauld. & H. Schrenk 围小丛壳(炭疽病)
Colletotrichum gossypii Southw. 棉刺盘孢(棉花炭疽病)
=Glomerella gossypii Edgerton 棉小丛壳(棉花炭疽病)
Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G.W. Wilson 禾生刺盘孢(禾谷炭疽病)
=Glomerella graminicola D.J. Politis 禾生小丛壳(高粱炭疽病)
Colletotrichum higginsianum Sacc. 希金斯刺盘孢(蔬菜炭疽病)
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara 豆刺盘孢(菜豆炭疽病)
Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx 香蕉刺盘孢(香蕉炭疽病)
=Gloeosporium musarum Cooke & Massee 香蕉盘长孢(香蕉炭疽病)
Colletotrichum nicotianae Av.-Saccá 烟草炭疽刺盘孢(烟草炭疽病)
Colletotrichum orbiculare Damm et al. 瓜类刺盘孢(瓜类炭疽病)
Colletotrichum spinaciae Ellis & Halst. 菠菜刺盘孢(菠菜炭疽病)
Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore 平头刺盘孢(炭疽病)
=Colletotrichum capsici (Syd. & P. Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby 辣椒刺盘孢(辣椒炭疽病)
Verticillium alboatrum Reinke & Berthold 黑白轮枝孢(棉花黄萎病)
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. 大丽花轮枝孢(黄萎病)
Balansia oryzae-sativae Hashioka 水稻瘤座菌(稻一柱香病)
=Ephelis oryzae Syd. 稻柱香菌(稻一柱香病)
Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. 麦角菌(麦角病)
绿核菌属 Ustilaginoidea Bref.
=Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka 糙棒菌属
Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah. 稻绿核菌(稻曲病)
=Ustilaginoidea oryzae (Pat.) Bref. 稻曲绿核菌(稻曲病)
=Villosiclava virens (M. Sakurai ex Nakata) E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka 绿色糙棒菌(稻曲病)
Trichoderma viride Pers. 绿木霉(木霉穗腐病)
帚枝霉属 Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw.
Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw. 稻帚枝霉(蹈叶鞘腐败病)
≡Acrocylindrium oryzae Sawada 稻顶柱霉(蹈叶鞘腐败病)
Sarocladium sinense J.D. Chen et al. 中国帚枝霉(稻紫鞘病)
=Cylindrocladium Morgan 帚梗柱孢属
Calonectria cylindrospora (Ellis & Everhart) Rossman et al. 柱孢丽赤壳(蹈叶鞘网斑病)
=Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan 稻网斑帚梗柱孢(蹈叶鞘网斑病、白霉病)
Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh. 锐顶镰孢(小麦赤霉病)
Fusarium asiaticum O’Donnell et al. 亚洲镰孢(小麦赤霉病)
Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. 燕麦镰孢(小麦赤霉病、大豆根腐病、干腐病、枯萎病)
Fusarium caeruleum Lib. ex Sacc. 深蓝镰孢(马铃薯干腐病)
Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc. 黄镰孢(小麦赤霉病、根腐病)
Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg 藤仓镰孢(稻恶苗病、茎腐病、赤霉病、干腐病、苹果霉心病)
=Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) S. Ito 藤仓赤霉(稻恶苗病、赤霉病)
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe 禾谷镰孢(根腐病、枯萎病、小麦赤霉病、玉米茎腐病、玉米青枯病)
=Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch 玉蜀黍赤霉(小麦赤霉病、蔬菜根腐病)
Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. 肉色镰孢(棉花红腐病、稻恶苗病、枯萎病、根腐病)
=Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel 半裸镰孢(棉花红腐病、稻恶苗病、枯萎病、根腐病)
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. 尖镰孢(枯萎病、根腐病、腐败病、干腐病)
=Fusarium bulbigenum var. niveum (E.F. Sm.) Wollenw. 球茎状镰孢瓜萎变种(瓜类枯萎病、莲藕腐败病)
=Fusarium oxysporum var. nicotianae J. Johnson 尖镰孢烟草变种(烟草镰刀菌枯萎病)
=Fusarium vasinfectum G.F. Atk. 蚀脉镰孢(棉枯萎病)
=Fusarium vasinfectum var. sesami Zaprom. 蚀脉镰孢芝麻变种(芝麻枯萎病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 尖镰孢甘薯专化型(甘薯蔓割病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 尖镰孢古巴专化型(香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum J.H. Owen 尖镰孢黄瓜专化型(瓜类枯萎病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 尖镰孢番茄专化型(番茄枯萎病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 尖镰孢甜瓜专化型(瓜类枯萎病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nelumbicola W.L. Gordon 尖镰孢莲生专化型(莲藕腐败病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 尖镰孢西瓜专化型(瓜类枯萎病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami Castell. 尖镰孢芝麻专化型(芝麻枯萎病)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen 尖镰孢萎蔫专化型(棉花枯萎病)
Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg 层出镰孢(镰孢茎腐病)
Fusarium roseum Link 粉红镰孢(镰孢茎腐病)
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 腐皮镰孢(根腐病、干腐病、萎蔫病、溃疡病、腐皮病、粉霉病)
=Fusarium javanicum var. radicicola Wollenw. 爪哇镰孢根生变种(甘薯根腐病)
=Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome 红球丛赤壳(甘薯根腐病)
Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson et al. 亚黏团镰孢(镰孢茎腐病)
≡Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reinking 串珠镰孢亚黏团变种(镰孢茎腐病)
Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. 三线镰孢(棉花红腐病)
Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg 轮枝镰孢(镰孢茎腐病、小麦赤霉病、稻恶苗病、甘薯干腐病、苹果霉心病、根腐病、枯萎病)
=Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. 串珠镰孢(小麦赤霉病、稻恶苗病、玉米茎腐病、甘薯干腐病、苹果霉心病、根腐病、枯萎病)
Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. 朱红丛赤壳(枝条溃疡病、烂皮病、桃树癌肿病)
Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. 周刺座霉(马铃薯红周刺座霉干腐病)
=Cephalothecium Corda 复端孢属
Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link 粉红单端孢(苹果霉心病、玉米穗粒腐病、红粉病)
=Cephalothecium roseum Corda 玫红复端孢(棉铃红粉病)
刀孢属 Clasterosporium Schwein.
Clasterosporium mori Syd. & P. Syd. 桑刀孢(桑煤污病、黑霉病、叶斑病、污斑病)
顶囊壳属 Gaeumannomyces Arx & D.L. Olivier
Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier 禾顶囊壳(小麦全蚀病)
Gaeumannomyces tritici (J. Walker) Hern.-Restr. & Crous 小麦顶囊壳(小麦全蚀病)
≡Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici J. Walker 禾顶囊壳小麦变种(小麦全蚀病)
Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang 稻腐双曲孢(稻菌核秆腐病)
=Nakataea sigmoidea (Cavara) Hara 双曲孢(稻菌核秆腐病)
梨孢属 Pyricularia (Sacc.) Sacc.
Pyricularia oryzae Cavara 稻梨孢(稻瘟病)
=Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch 稻大角间座壳(稻瘟病)
Pyricularia setariae Y. Nisik. 粟梨孢(谷子瘟病)
Melanospora zamiae Corda 泽米黑孢壳(疮痂病)
Meliola camelliicola W. Yamam. 山茶生小煤炱(茶烟煤病)
Meliola butleri Syd. & P. Syd. 巴特勒小煤炱(柑橘烟煤病)
≡Amazonia butleri (Syd. & P. Syd.) F. Stevens 巴特勒双孢炱(柑橘烟煤病)
伯克利霉属 Berkeleyomyces W.J. Nel et al.
Berkeleyomyces basicola (Berk. & Broome) W.J. Nel et al. 基生伯克利霉(黑根腐病、甘薯黑斑病)
≡Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris 基生根串珠霉(黑根腐病、甘薯黑斑病)
长喙壳属 Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst.
Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. 甘薯长喙壳(甘薯黑斑病)
Thielaviopsis paradoxa (de Seynes) Höhn. 奇异根串珠霉(叶斑病、甘蔗凤梨病)
=Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau 奇异长喙壳(长喙壳叶斑病、甘蔗凤梨病)
Gibellina cerealis (Pass.) Pass. 五谷绒座壳(小麦秆枯病)
黑痣菌属 Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel
Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel 禾黑痣菌(禾黑痣病)
=Khuskia H.J. Huds. 虎斯克菌属
Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch 稻黑孢(稻褐纹病、黑孢菌穗腐病、叶尖枯病)
=Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds. 稻虎斯克菌(稻褐纹病)
Physalospora pyricola Nose 梨生囊孢壳(轮纹病)
白纹羽菌属 Dematophora R. Hartig
Dematophora necatrix R. Hartig 白纹羽菌(苎麻白纹羽病)
=Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill. 褐座坚壳(苎麻白纹羽病)
Taphrina cerasi (Fuckel) Sadeb. 樱外囊菌(樱桃丛枝病)
Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul. 畸形外囊菌(桃缩叶病)
Taphrina mume Nishida 梅外囊菌(梅膨叶病)
Taphrina pruni (Fuckel) Tul. 李外囊菌(李囊果病)
齿孢属 Denticularia Deighton
Denticularia mangiferae (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Alcorn et al. 芒果齿孢(芒果疮痂病)
≡Sphaceloma mangiferae Bitanc. & Jenkins 芒果痂圆孢(芒果疮痂病)
2.2.2 担子菌门Basidiomycota小韧革菌属 Chondrostereum Pouzar
Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar 紫小韧革菌(苹果银叶病)
蜜环菌属 Armillaria (Fr.) Staude
=Armillariella (P. Karst.) P. Karst. 假蜜环菌属
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. 蜜环菌(根腐病)
无环蜜环菌属 Desarmillaria (Herink) R.A. Koch & Aime
Desarmillaria tabescens (Scop.) R.A. Koch & Aime 易逝无环蜜环菌(枣根朽病)
≡Armillariella tabescens (Scop.) Singer 易逝假蜜环菌(苹果、桃树和枣根朽病)
Typhula incarnata Lasch 肉孢核瑚菌(小麦雪腐病)
Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. 罗尔无乳头菌(白绢病、根腐病)
≡Pellicularia rolfsii (Curzi) E. West 罗尔薄膜革菌(白绢病)
=Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. 齐整小核菌(白绢病、根腐病)
角担菌属 Ceratobasidium D.P. Rogers
=Pellicularia Cooke 薄膜革菌属
Ceratobasidium cereale D.I. Murray & Burpee 禾谷角担菌(禾谷纹枯病)
=Rhizoctonia cerealis E.P. Hoeven 禾谷丝核菌(纹枯病)
Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn 立枯丝核菌(立枯病、根腐病、纹枯病、水稻烂秧病、褐腐病、甘蔗虎斑病、蔬菜叶腐病、花生菌核病)
=Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk 瓜亡革菌(纹枯病、立枯病、菌核病)
似串担革菌属 Waitea Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot
Waitea circinata Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot 旋卷似串担革菌(玉米纹枯病)
=Rhizoctonia zeae Voorhees 玉蜀黍丝核菌(玉米纹枯病)
Antrodia wangii Y.C. Dai & H.S. Yuan 王氏薄孔菌(李树褐腐病)
原毛平革菌属 Phanerochaete P. Karst.
Phanerochaete sordida (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden 乳白原毛平革菌(油茶白朽病)
=Corticium scutellare Berk. & M.A. Curtis 碎纹伏革菌(油茶白朽病)
Ganoderma philippii (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Bres. 橡胶灵芝(橡胶根腐病)
=Ganoderma pseudoferreum (Wakef.) Overeem & B.A. Steinm. 假铁灵芝(橡胶根腐病)
多年卧孔菌属Perenniporia Murrill
Perenniporia pyricola Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui 梨生多年卧孔菌(梨树干基腐朽病)
Entyloma dahliae Syd. & P. Syd. 大丽花叶黑粉菌(大丽花黑粉病)
Exobasidium vexans Massee 坏损外担菌(茶饼病)
小木层孔菌属 Phellinidium (Kotl.) Fiasson & Niemelä
Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera 有害小木层孔菌(橡胶根腐病)
Phellinus tuberculosus Niemelä 多瘤木层孔菌(桃树褐腐病)
=Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire 苹果木层孔菌(桃树褐腐病、樱属心腐病)
无掷孢黑粉菌属 Eballistra R. Bauer et al.
Eballistra oryzae (Syd. & P. Syd.) R. Bauer et al. 稻无掷孢黑粉菌(稻叶黑粉病)
≡Entyloma oryzae Syd. & P. Syd. 稻叶黑粉菌(稻叶黑粉病)
腥黑粉菌属 Tilletia Tul. & C. Tul.
Tilletia barclayana (Bref.) Sacc. & P. Syd. 巴克莱腥黑粉菌(稻粒黑粉病)
=Neovossia horrida (Takah.) Padwick & A. Khan 稻粒尾孢黑粉菌(稻粒黑粉病)
Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. 小麦网腥黑粉菌(小麦普通腥黑穗病)
Tilletia controversa J.G. Kühn 小麦矮腥黑粉菌(小麦矮腥黑穗病)
Tilletia laevis J.G. Kühn 小麦光腥黑粉菌(小麦普通腥黑穗病)
=Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro 小麦腥黑粉菌(小麦普通腥黑穗病)
轴黑粉菌属 Sphacelotheca de Bary
Sphacelotheca fagopyri Syd. et al. 荞麦轴黑粉菌(荞麦坚黑穗病)
Helicobasidium mompa Nobuj. Tanaka 桑卷担菌(桑紫纹羽病)
Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat. 紫卷担菌(褐腐病、紫纹羽病)
=Rhizoctonia violacea Tul. & C. Tul. 紫丝核菌(甜菜褐腐病)
Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai 栎柱锈菌(锈病)
胶锈菌属 Gymnosporangium R. Hedw. ex DC.
Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex G. Yamada 亚洲胶锈菌(梨锈病、赤星病)
=Gymnosporangium haraeanum Syd. & P. Syd. 梨胶锈菌(梨锈病、赤星病)
Gymnosporangium yamadae Miyabe ex G. Yamada 山田胶锈菌(苹果锈病)
Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Thüm. 亚麻栅锈菌(亚麻锈病)
Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. 豆薯层锈菌(大豆锈病)
Phakopsora ziziphi-vulgaris (Henn.) Dietel 枣层锈菌(枣锈病)
Phragmidium rosae-multiflorae Dietel 蔷薇多胞锈菌(玫瑰锈病)
Phragmidium rosae-rugosae Kasai 玫瑰多胞锈菌(玫瑰锈病)
Puccinia arachidis Speg. 落花生柄锈菌(花生锈病)
Puccinia coronata Corda 禾冠柄锈菌(燕麦冠锈病)
Puccinia graminis Pers. 禾柄锈菌(小麦秆锈病)
Puccinia helianthi Schwein. 向日葵柄锈菌(向日葵锈病)
Puccinia hordei G.H. Otth 大麦柄锈菌(大麦叶锈病)
Puccinia kuehnii (W. Krüger) E.J. Butler 屈恩柄锈菌(甘蔗锈病)
Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd. 黑顶柄锈菌(甘蔗锈病)
Puccinia polysora Underw. 多堆柄锈菌(玉米锈病)
Puccinia porri (Sowerby) G. Winter 葱蒜柄锈菌(葱类锈病)
=Puccinia allii (DC.) F. Rudolphi 葱柄锈菌(葱类锈病)
Puccinia recondita f. sp. triticina D.M. Hend. 隐匿柄锈菌小麦专化型(小麦叶锈病)
Puccinia sorghi Schwein. 玉米柄锈菌(玉米锈病)
Puccinia striiformis Westend. 条形柄锈菌(小麦条锈病)
Puccinia triticina Erikss. 小麦柄锈菌(小麦叶锈病)
单胞锈菌属 Uromyces (Link) Unger
Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link 疣顶单胞锈菌(豆科蔬菜锈病)
=Uromyces phaseoli G. Winter 菜豆单胞锈菌(豆科蔬菜锈病)
Uromyces coronatus Yoshin. 冠单胞锈菌(茭白锈病)
Uromyces fabae (Pers.) de Bary 蚕豆单胞锈菌(蚕豆锈病)
Uromyces pisi (Pers.) de Bary 豌豆单胞锈菌(豌豆锈病)
Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino 粟单胞锈菌(谷子锈病)
Uromyces vignae Barclay 豇豆属单胞锈菌(豆科蔬菜锈病)
疣双胞锈菌属 Tranzschelia Arthur
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Dietel 刺李疣双胞锈菌(桃褐锈病)
Septobasidium pedicellatum (Schwein.) Pat. 柄隔担菌(桑膏药病)
虚球黑粉菌科 Doassansiopsidaceae
虚球黑粉菌属 Doassansiopsis (Setch.) Dietel
Doassansiopsis horiana (Henn.) Y.Z. Shen 慈菇虚球黑粉菌(慈姑黑粉病)
楔孢黑粉菌属 Thecaphora Fingerh.
=Sorosporium F. Rudolphi 团黑粉菌属
Thecaphora oxytropis S.R. Wang 棘豆楔孢黑粉菌(棘豆黑粉病)
条黑粉菌属 Urocystis Rabenh. ex Fuckel
Urocystis brassicae Mundk. 芸苔条黑粉菌(蔬菜根黑粉病)
Urocystis magica Pass. 葱条黑粉菌(洋葱黑粉病)
=Urocystis cepulae Frost 洋葱条黑粉菌(洋葱黑粉病)
Urocystis tritici Körn. 小麦条黑粉菌(小麦秆黑粉病)
孢堆黑粉菌属 Sporisorium Ehrenb. ex Link
Sporisorium cruentum (J.G. Kühn) Vánky 高粱散孢堆黑粉菌(高粱散黑穗病)
≡Sphacelotheca cruenta (J.G. Kühn) Potter 高粱轴黑粉菌(高粱散黑穗病)
≡Ustilago cruenta J.G. Kühn 高粱散黑粉菌(高粱散黑穗病)
Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full. 丝孢堆黑粉菌(黑穗病)
≡Sorosporium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) McAlpine 丝团黑粉菌(黑穗病)
≡Sphacelotheca reiliana (J.G. Kühn) G.P. Clinton 丝轴黑粉菌(黑穗病)
≡Ustilago reiliana J.G. Kühn 丝黑粉菌(玉米丝黑穗病)
Sporisorium scitamineum (Syd.) M. Piepenbr. et al. 甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌(甘蔗黑穗病)
≡Ustilago scitaminea Syd. 甘蔗鞭黑粉菌(甘蔗黑粉病)
Sporisorium sorghi Ehrenb. ex Link 高梁坚孢堆黑粉菌(高粱坚黑穗病)
≡Sphacelotheca sorghi (Ehrenb. ex Link) G.P. Clinton 高粱坚轴黑粉菌(高粱坚黑穗病)
≡Ustilago sorghi (Ehrenb. ex Link) Pass. 高粱坚黑粉菌(高粱坚黑穗病)
黑粉菌属 Ustilago (Pers.) Roussel
Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. 燕麦散黑粉菌(燕麦散黑穗病)
Ustilago crameri Körn. 粟黑粉菌(谷子粒黑穗病)
Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. 大麦坚黑粉菌(大麦坚黑穗病)
Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda 玉蜀黍黑粉菌(玉米瘤黑粉病)
=Ustilago zeae (Link) Unger 玉米黑粉菌(玉米瘤黑粉病)
Ustilago nuda (C.N. Jensen) Kellerm. & Swingle 裸黑粉菌(麦散黑穗病)
Ustilago tritici (Bjerk.) Rostr. 小麦散黑粉菌(麦散黑穗病)
2.2.3 芽枝霉门BlastocladiomycotaPhysoderma corchori Lingappa 黄麻节壶菌(黄麻茎瘤病)
Physoderma maydis (Miyabe) Miyabe 玉蜀黍节壶菌(玉米褐斑病)
2.2.4 壶菌门Chytridiomycota集壶菌属 Synchytrium de Bary & Woronin
Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival 内生集壶菌(马铃薯癌肿病)
油壶菌属 Olpidium (A. Braun) Rabenh.
Olpidium viciae Kusano 蚕豆油壶菌(蚕豆疱疱病)
2.2.5 毛霉门MucoromycotaChoanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. 瓜笄霉(花腐病)
Mucor mucedo Fresen. 大毛霉(腐烂病)
Mucor racemosus Fresen. 总状毛霉(甘薯黑痣病)
Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch. 少根根霉(根腐病、软腐病)
=Rhizopus oryzae Went & Prins. Geerl. 米根霉(甘薯、棉花软腐病)
Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill. 匍枝根霉(根腐病、软腐病)
=Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb. 黑根霉(根腐病、甘薯软腐病)
3 讨论分类学研究的不断深入和命名法规则的变化,影响和改变了一些传统认知。“半知菌(deuteromycetes)”或“不完全真菌(imprefect fungi)”这一概念在19世纪中叶被Fuckel提出,用于代指在生活史中未发现有性繁殖阶段的一类真菌(Fuckel 1869)。在之后的百余年间,分类学家不断探索“半知菌”的稳定分类特征,并为其引入了分类系统(Ainsworth & Bisby 1971)。随着分类学家对其认知的加深,自20世纪80年代起,越来越多的学者主张不再为“半知菌”单独设立高等级的分类单元。而近年来命名法规对于“一个真菌、一个名称”规则的建立,正式宣告了半知菌的门、纲、目、科等阶元失去了分类学意义,而应将其归入相应的子囊菌或担子菌中(Hawksworth et al. 2011)。
在“一菌一名”规则的推进过程中,也存在着一些遗留问题。根据阿姆斯特丹宣言及《国际藻类、菌物及植物命名法规》(Hawksworth et al. 2011;Turland et al. 2018),有性型间座壳属Diaporthe Nitschke (1870)的发表时间早于无性型拟茎点霉属Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák (1905),因而具有命名的优先权,间座壳属Diaporthe是现用正式名称,而拟茎点霉属Phomopsis成为异名(Wingfield et al. 2012)。但在属名优先权的问题解决之后,拟茎点霉属中的许多种名并没有随之被处理,仍遗留在该属名下,如引起桃实腐病的病菌扁桃拟茎点霉P. amygdaliana Canonaco等。存在此类情况的名称还有很多,如球座菌属Guignardia Viala & Ravaz (叶点霉属Phyllosticta Pers.的异名)、赤霉属Gibberella Sacc. (镰孢属Fusarium Link的异名)等属中均存在未被处理的种名。由此,植物病原菌物的“一菌一名”工作还需进一步推进和完善,这些遗留问题还有待分类学家和植物病理学家继续处理和解决。
除了拉丁学名的正确使用,对汉语学名的规范使用也应加以重视。在国内开展学术交流等工作中,使用汉语学名和中文名称更加便捷和易于理解。在《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》中规定,菌物物种的汉语学名应遵循“种加词在前,属名主名在后”的双名制,凡不符合该规则的中文名称,都是异名(中国菌物学会 1987)。在植物病原菌物中,一些文献和书籍,甚至《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》(中华人民共和国农业农村部和海关总署 2021)都直接采用“病害名在前,‘菌’字在后”作为菌物的中文名,这一类名称都应属于异名、别名或俗名。例如,对于拉丁名Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary,“致病疫霉”是其汉语学名,“马铃薯晚疫病菌”是其别名或异名。随着对植物病害的认识加深,“一病多原”现象普遍存在,致使“病害名在前,‘菌’字在后”的病菌名称出现指代不明、多菌同名等现象。例如,导致玉米茎腐病的病原菌有禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum Schwabe和瓜果腐霉Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.等多种病原,可能会单独侵染或混合侵染,若在交流和书写中未正确使用汉语学名,可能会造成无法精确确定病原的情况,对病害防治等工作带来不便。
菌物分类学正处于快速发展的趋势,全球已描述物种有15万种(Species Fungorum, http://www.speciesfungorum.org/),描述率尚不及6%,为各个主要真核生物类群中最低(Wang et al. 2020)。每年有大量的新分类单元被发现,也伴随着许多分类地位的修订,因此在菌物学及植物病理学等菌物相关学科中应及时关注最新的研究进展,使用正确的菌物学名和分类阶元。一些国内外实时更新的菌物数据库可供菌物相关工作者查询最新的名称变化情况(Crous et al. 2021),如Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/)、MycoBank (https://www.mycobank.org/)和中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆信息网站(https://nmdc.cn/fungarium/)等。除了上述数据库,也希望在今后的工作中能建设植物病原菌物的专门数据库,为广大植物病理学工作者提供最新且准确的数据和信息,规范植物病原菌物名称的使用,促进政策制定、学术交流和科学普及等相关工作的开展。
致谢
感谢庄剑云研究员对部分植物病原菌汉语学名拟定给予的指导和建议。
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