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控释复合肥对坡耕地花生产量及氮素流失的影响

花匠小妙招
2025-01-07 07:36

摘要:

目的

坡耕地氮素易于流失，加重面源污染风险，也制约作物产量。试验研究了坡耕地一次性基施不同量控释复合肥的氮素径流损失，为提高坡耕地花生产量和效益，降低氮素损失提供理论依据。

方法

田间试验在山东临沂进行，供试花生品种为“‘花育 25 号’，供试控释复合肥 (CRF) 和普通复合肥 (CF) N–P2O5–K2O比例均为15–15–15。不施肥为对照处理 (CK)，控释复合肥和普通复合肥均设置800 kg/hm2 (100%CRF、100%CF)、560 kg/hm2 (70%CRF、70%CF) 两个水平，共5个处理。于花生主要生育期采集肥料、植株和径流样品，测定肥料释放量、植株生物量和氮含量、径流水中硝态氮和铵态氮含量，成熟期花生测产。

结果

100%CRF处理籽仁产量较100%CF处理增加13.8%，70%CRF较70%CF处理增加12.4%，且70%CRF与100%CF处理籽仁产量差异不显著。70%CF处理花生出仁率与100%CF差异不显著，但显著低于两个CRF处理。100%CRF、70%CRF处理较100%CF、70%CF处理的氮素吸收量分别增加5.9%和6.0%。成熟期同等施肥量下，控释复合肥处理较普通复合肥处理干物质累积量增加7.1%～8.3%；不同施肥量下，70%CRF与100%CF处理无显著差异。控释复合肥降低了苗期和开花下针期径流水中硝态氮和铵态氮含量，之后的生育期施肥处理间硝态氮和铵态氮流失量之和差异不明显。100%CRF处理肥料对产量的贡献率为19.45%，较100%CF处理高102.6%，70%CRF处理的肥料贡献率为14.65%，较70%CF处理高74.4%。

结论

在坡面农田上，控释复合肥氮素缓慢释放，满足花生各生育期氮素需求，一次性基施显著提高花生氮素吸收量和花生产量，有效减少硝态氮和铵态氮地表径流损失，减少30%的肥料用量依然可以保证花生稳产。

Abstract:

Objectives

Nitrogen loss through erosion is inevitable in slope farmland, causing non-point source pollution, and decreasing crop utilization. We studied the nitrogen runoff losses under different rates of controlled release compound fertilizers by basal application at one time, to provide a theoretical basis for efficient peanut production and low nitrogen ecological risks.

Methods

A field experiment was conducted in Linyi, Shandong Province, the tested peanut variety was ‘Huayu 25’. The N–P2O5–K2O ratio of the controlled-release compound fertilizer (CRF) and ordinary compound fertilizer (CF) was 15–15–15. Five treatments included no fertilizer control (CK) and the two compound fertilizer application rate 800 and 560 kg/hm2 (100%CRF, 70%CRF, 100%CF, and 70%CF). All the fertilizers were basal applied in one time. Fertilizer N release characteristics, plant biomass and nitrogen content at the main growing stages were determined, and the peanut yield and kernel rate were investigated at harvest.

Results

The peanut kernal yield in 100%CRF was 13.8% higher than 100%CF, and that in 70%CRF was not significantly different from 100%CF. The 100%CF treatment was recorded similar shelling rate with 70%CF, but 70%CF was recorded significantly lower shelling rate than two CRF treatments. 100%CRF increased nitrogen absorption amount by 5.9%, dry matter accumulation at mature period by 7.1% than 100%CF, and 70%CRF increased by 6.0% and 8.3% than 70%CF, respectively. There was no significant difference between 70%CRF and 100%CF treatment in dry matter accumulation. CRF reduced the runoff nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content on the first and second runoff monitoring, not on the followed monitoring, and the total nitrogen loss amount were similar in all the fertilization treatments. The fertilizer N contribution to peanut yield in 100%CRF treatment was 19.45%, which was 102.6% higher than in 100%CF, and the fertilizer N contribution rate in 70%CRF was 14.65%, 74.4% higher than in 70%CF treatment.

Conclusions

In sloping farmland, the basal application of controlled-release compound fertilizer releases nitrogen slowly, so significantly increases the nitrogen uptake and yields of peanut, effectively reduces surface runoff losses of NO3−-N and NH4+-N, and ensures stable peanut production even with a 30% reduction in fertilizer application.

图 1 花生生长季旬平均降水及温度

Figure 1. Average rainfall and temperature per 10 days during growth stage of peanut

图 2 肥料对花生产量的贡献率

注：100%CRF、70%CRF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2控释复合肥，100%CF、70%CF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2的普通复合肥，CK为不施肥对照。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。

Figure 2. Fertilizer contribution to peanut yield

Note: 100%CRF and 70%CRF represent one base application of 800, and 560 kg/hm2 controlled release compound fertilizer; 100%CF and 70%CF represent one base application of 800 and 560 kg/hm2 ordinary compound fertilizer; CK is no fertilization control. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

图 3 不同施肥处理花生各生育期干物质累积量

Figure 3. Peanut dry biomass at different growth stages as affected by fertilization treatments

Note: 100%CRF and 70%CRF represent one base application of 800 and 560 kg/hm2 controlled release compound fertilizer; 100%CF and 70%CF represent one base application of 800 and 560 kg/hm2 ordinary compound fertilizer; CK is no fertilization control. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

图 4 控释复合肥氮素在土壤中的释放特征

Figure 4. Nitrogen release characteristics of controlled-release compound fertilizer (CRF) in soil

图 5 肥料的氮素释放、土壤氮素供应和花生氮素吸收施肥后天数的变化

注：100%CRF、70%CRF分别为一次基施800、560 kg/hm2的控释复合肥，100%CF、70%CF分别为一次基施800、560 kg/hm2的普通复合肥，CK为不施肥对照。

Figure 5. Dynamics of fertilizer N release , soil N supply and peanut N uptake with days after fertilization

图 6 不同施肥处理下土壤径流水中硝态氮(a)和铵态氮(b)浓度

注：100%CRF、70%CRF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2控释复合肥，100%CF、70%CF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2的普通复合肥，CK为不施肥对照。

Figure 6. NO3−-N and NH4+-N contents in runoff water under different fertilization treatments

表 1 不同施肥处理下坡耕地花生产量及其构成要素

Table 1 Yield and yield components of the peanut as affected by fertilization treatment

处理
Treatment 百仁重 (g)
100-kernel weight 单株结荚数
Pods per plant 出仁率 (%)
Shelling percentage 荚果产量 (kg/hm2)
Pod yield 籽仁产量 (kg/hm2)
Kernel yield 增产率 (%)
Yield increase CK 82.0 ab 34.2 c 74.7 a 3881.1 c 2899.9 c 100%CRF 84.1 a 48.0 a 74.9 a 4821.4 a 3610.7 a 24.5 70%CRF 81.2 a 41.8 b 74.6 a 4551.8 ab 3396.5 ab 17.1 100%CF 81.1 ab 36.5 c 73.8 ab 4304.5 b 3171.5 bc 9.4 70%CF 76.6 b 35.9 c 71.2 b 4240.1 b 3022.3 c 4.2 注：100%CRF、70%CRF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2控释复合肥，100%CF、70%CF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2的普通复合肥，CK为不施肥对照。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。
Note: 100%CRF and 70%CRF represent one base application of 800 and 560 kg/hm2 controlled release compound fertilizer; 100%CF and 70%CF represent one base application of 800 and 560 kg/hm2 ordinary compound fertilizer; CK is no fertilization control. Data followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significantly different among treatments (P<0.05).

表 2 不同施肥处理下各小区土壤径流水中无机氮流失量 (mg)

Table 2 Inorganic N loss in runoff water of different fertilization treatment plots

施肥后天数
Days after fertilization CK 100%CRF 70%CRF 100%CF 70%CF 41 88.65 b 106.79 b 104.81 b 139.92 a 95.06 b 49 31.81 a 39.25 a 39.89 a 40.45 a 37.09 a 51 11.84 b 21.27 b 23.69 ab 34.34 a 30.3 ab 63 16.18 b 21.12 ab 18.16 ab 26.77 a 24.64 ab 66 26.99 a 29.57 a 30.20 a 35.33 a 36.30 a 69 34.62 a 54.19 a 54.45 a 58.47 a 57.22 a 92 39.47 a 40.99 a 40.22 a 40.72 a 36.60 a 95 49.48 a 68.97 a 70.95 a 61.09 a 54.82 a 99 6.71 a 13.76a 13.80 a 11.27 a 12.91 a 117 36.62 a 49.72 a 40.55 a 39.91 a 33.81 a 总流失量 Total loss 362.4 b 435.64 a 436.73 a 488.28 a 428.77 a 注：无机氮为硝态氮和铵态氮之和。100%CRF、70%CRF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2控释复合肥，100%CF、70%CF分别代表一次基施800、560 kg/hm2的普通复合肥，CK为不施肥对照。同行数据后不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。
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