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野生与养殖刺参营养成分的比较分析

花匠小妙招
2024-12-16 22:42

摘要:

分别对野生和养殖的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁中营养成分，包括灰分、盐分、蛋白质、粘多糖、胶原蛋白、皂苷、氨基酸组成及11种无机元素进行了比较分析。结果显示，野生和养殖刺参的胶原蛋白质量分数(以干基计)为39.43%和40.37%，差异不显著(P＞0.05)；盐分、粘多糖及皂苷质量分数分别为18.47%、15.40%，10.19%、9.27%和0.81%、0.62%，差异显著(P＜0.05)；灰分、粗蛋白质质量分数分别为25.73%、20.74%和58.80%、62.21%，差异极显著(P＜0.01)。氨基酸组成中必需氨基酸总量分别为21.16%和20.28%，差异显著(P＜0.05)；鲜味氨基酸、药效氨基酸总量分别为30.86%、28.00%和33.66%、30.39%，差异均极显著(P＜0.01)。矿物元素含量丰富，野生刺参的微量元素比例要略优于养殖刺参，铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和镉(Cd)等重金属含量均符合相关食品卫生标准限量。综合分析认为，野生和养殖刺参均有较高的营养价值，富含胶原蛋白、粘多糖等生物活性物质及人体所需的矿物元素，鲜味氨基酸和药效氨基酸含量丰富。

关键词: 刺参 / 野生 / 养殖 / 营养成分

Abstract:

We determined the contents of ash, salt, crude protein, glycosaminoglycan, collagen, saponin and composition of amino acids as well as 11 kinds of elements in the body wall between wild and cultured sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas). The results show that in wild and cultured sea cucumber, the content of collagen protein (w/w, dry weight) is 39.43% and 40.37%, respectively, without significant difference (P > 0.05). There is significant difference in the contents of salt, glycosaminoglycan and saponin (18.47% and 15.40%, 10.19% and 9.27%, 0.81% and 0.62%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Very significant difference is found in the contents of ash and crude protein (25.73% and 20.74%, 58.80% and 62.21%, respectively) (P < 0.01). The content of essential acids is 21.16% and 20.28%, respectively, with significant difference (P < 0.05). There is very significant difference in the contents of flavor amino acids and drug-effective amino acids (30.86% and 28.00%, 33.66% and 30.39%, respectively) (P < 0.01). Sea cucumber is rich in mineral elements; there are more trace elements in wild ones than cultured ones. The contents of heavy metals (Pb, Hg and Cd) in wild and cultured sea cucumber are lower than the limits of relevant food hygiene standards. In conclusion, cultured and wild sea cucumber is highly nutritive containing rich collagen protein, glycosaminoglycan, mineral elements as well as flavor and drug-effective amino acids.

表 1 野生和养殖的刺参一般营养成分(干质量，X±SDn=9)

Table 1 Common nutritive composition of wild and cultured sea cucumber (dry weight) %

营养成分
nutritive composition 野生
wild 养殖
cultured w(灰分)ash 25.73±0.20 20.74±0.17** w(盐分) salt 18.47±0.41 15.40±0.69* w(粗蛋白) crude protein 58.80±0.39 62.21±0.71** w(粘多糖) glycosaminoglycan 10.19±0.17 9.27±0.29* w(胶原蛋白) collagen protein 39.43±0.38 40.37±1.41 w(皂苷) saponin 0.81±0.11 0.62±0.10*>注：*. 差异显著(P < 0.05)；* *. 差异极显著(P < 0.01)；后表同此
Note：*. significant difference (P < 0.05)；* *. very significant difference (P < 0.01)；The same case in the following tables.

表 2 野生与养殖刺参的氨基酸质量分数(干质量, X±SDn=9)

Table 2 Content of amino acids in wild and cultured sea cucumber (dry weight) %

氨基酸种类 amino acid 野生 wild 养殖 cultured 天门冬氨酸bc Asp 5.54±0.06 3.72±0.02 谷氨酸bc Glu 4.95±0.02 4.09±0.02 甘氨酸bc Gly 8.72±0.04 8.68±0.03 丙氨酸b Ala 6.86±0.05 6.70±0.05 缬氨酸a Val 2.03±0.02 1.95±0.02 蛋氨酸ac Met 1.06±0.01 1.04±0.01 异亮氨酸a Ileu 2.18±0.03 2.07±0.02 亮氨酸ac Leu 3.31±0.02 3.11±0.02 苯丙氨酸ac Phe 1.65±0.01 1.57±0.01 赖氨酸ac Lys 2.46±0.02 2.29±0.03 苏氨酸a Thr 2.63±0.03 2.50±0.02 组氨酸a His 1.04±0.01 0.94±0.01 精氨酸abc Arg 4.79±0.03 4.81±0.02 丝氨酸Ser 3.62±0.02 3.76±0.02 酪氨酸c Tyr 1.17±0.01 1.08±0.01 脯氨酸 Pro 3.14±0.03 1.68±0.01 必需氨基酸总量 essential amino acids 21.16±0.26 20.28±0.22* 非必需氨基酸总量 nonessential amino acids 34.01±0.33 29.71±0.31** 鲜味氨基酸总量 flavor amino acids 30.86±0.31 28.00±0.28** 药效氨基酸总量 drug-effective amino acids 33.66±0.39 30.39±0.35** 氨基酸总量 total amino acids 55.17±0.35 49.99±0.26** 必需氨基酸/氨基酸总量 WEAA/WTAA 38.36 40.57 必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸 WEAA/WNEAA 62.23 68.27注：a. 必需氨基酸；b. 鲜味氨基酸；c. 药效氨基酸
Note：a. essential amino acids；b. flavor amino acids；c. drug-effective amino acids

表 3 野生与养殖刺参的氨基酸组成评价

Table 3 Evaluation of composition of amino acids in wild and culture sea cucumber mg·g-1

氨基酸
amino acid刺参 sea cucumber化学评分 CS氨基酸评分 AAS鸡蛋蛋白
egg white FAO/WHO标准
FAO/WHO standardl 野生
wild 养殖
culture 野生
wild 养殖
culture 野生
wild 养殖
culture 异亮氨酸 Ileu 248.54 218.80 0.75 0.66 0.99 0.88 331 250 亮氨酸 Leu 377.37 328.72 0.71 0.62 0.86 0.75 534 440 苏氨酸 Thr 281.37 264.25 0.96 0.90 1.13 1.06 292 250 缬氨酸 Val 217.18 206.11 0.53** 0.50 0.70** 0.66** 411 310 蛋氨酸 Met 113.40 109.93 0.30* 0.28* 0.52* 0.50* 386 220 苯丙+酪氨酸 Phe+Try 301.69 280.10 0.53** 0.50** 0.79 0.74 565 380 赖氨酸 Lys 263.18 242.05 0.60 0.55 0.77 0.71 441 340注：*. 第一限制氨基酸；* *. 第二限制氨基酸
Note：*. first limited amino acid；* *. second limited amino acid

表 4 野生与养殖刺参的无机元素质量分数(干质量，X±SDn=9)

Table 4 Content of minerals in wild and cultured sea cucumber (dry weight)

元素
mineral 野生
wild 养殖
cultured w(钠)/g·kg-1 Na 63.12±1.11 55.49±0.75** w(钾)/g·kg-1 K 5.45±0.15 5.06±0.13* w(镁)/g·kg-1 Mg 8.56±0.21 7.44±0.15** w(钙)/g·kg-1 Ca 15.12±0.19 8.82±0.15** w(铁)/mg·kg-1 Fe 85.48±1.60 33.42±0.91** w(锰)/mg·kg-1 Mn 6.29±0.18 6.92±0.12* w(铜)/mg·kg-1 Cu 3.16±0.10 1.88±0.05** w(锌)/mg·kg-1 Zn 39.10±1.56 41.02±1.15 w(铅)/mg·kg-1 Pb ＜0.01 ＜0.01 w(镉)/mg·kg-1 Cd 0.99±0.02 0.18±0.004** w(汞)/mg·kg-1 Hg －－注：－. 未检出
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