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上海地区呼吸系统疾病患者过敏原谱状况分析

花匠小妙招
2025-07-08 13:04

摘要： 目的呼吸系统疾病是威胁我国居民健康的重要因素之一，而过敏是呼吸系统疾病的重要致病因素之一。分析上海地区呼吸系统疾病与过敏原谱的相关性，为上海地区呼吸系统过敏性疾病的预防与治疗提供依据。
方法收集上海市第一人民医院虹口、松江两院区2019年1月—2022年8月呼吸科患者血清样本共5 183份，使用Thermo Phadia 250对血清样本进行总免疫球蛋白E（immunoglobulin E，IgE）和过敏原特异性IgE（allergen-specific IgE，sIgE）进行定量检测，其中sIgE检测主要包括17种sIgE，并对不同年龄、性别、月份、年份，呼吸道疾病组的过敏原阳性率分布情况进行分析。
结果上海地区呼吸系统疾病患者中，吸入性过敏原（30.53%）较食入性过敏原（15.68%）更有优势，粉尘螨（34.94%）、户尘螨（33.91%）、虾（11.89%），德国小蠊（11.82%），混合霉菌（产黄青霉、分枝孢霉、烟曲霉、白色念珠菌、链孢霉、长蠕孢）（8.77%），猫毛屑（8.08%）等为呼吸系统疾病主要优势过敏原，其中，尘螨类与动物毛屑类具有季节性变化（P＜0.05），在冬季达到高峰，尘螨类过敏率逐年上升；儿童是不同年龄组中大部分过敏原阳性率呈现最高的一组，年龄组间过敏原谱差异可能与机体免疫状态或生活水平有关；男性过敏原阳性率普遍高于女性，可能与职业接触、居家时间、激素水平有关。不同呼吸道疾病组中常见的过敏原皆为尘螨组合。
结论中国过敏性呼吸系统疾病流行率整体上升，且具有地区、季节、年龄和性别差异，根据地区过敏情况对过敏性呼吸系统疾病防控具有重要意义，本研究调查上海地区呼吸系统疾病患者过敏原谱，可为上海地区过敏原的识别、防控提供临床依据和参考。

关键词: 过敏反应, 过敏原, 呼吸系统疾病, 免疫球蛋白E

Abstract: Objective Respiratory diseases are one of the major threats to the health of Chinese residents, and allergies are one of the important pathogenic factors of respiratory diseases. The correlation between respiratory diseases and allergen spectrum in Shanghai area was analyzed to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of respiratory allergic diseases in Shanghai area.
Methods In this study, we collected 5 183 serum samples from patients in Department of Respiratory Disease, Hongkou and Songjiang Branches of Shanghai General Hospital from January 2019 to August 2022. Quantitative total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) detections, including 17 types (groups) of allergens, were performed on samples using Thermo Phadia 250, to analyze the distribution of allergen positive rate in ages, sexes, months and years.
Results The results showed that the inhalant allergen (30.53%) was superior to the ingestion allergen (15.68%) in the patients with respiratory diseases in Shanghai area. Dermatophagoides farinae (34.94%), dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (33.91%), shrimps (11.89%), Blattella germanica (11.82%), mixed fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans, Alternaria alternata, and Aspergillus nidulans) (8.77%) and cat dander (8.08%) were the main allergens of respiratory diseases. Among them, dust mites and animal dander had seasonal changes, which reached the peak in winter, and the allergic rate of dust mites increased year by year The positive rate of most allergens in children was the highest in all age groups, and the difference of allergen spectrum among the age groups might be related to the immune status and living level. The positive rate of allergen in males was higher than that in females, which might be related to occupational exposure, residence time and hormone level. The main allergens in the respiratory disease groups were a mixture of dust mite combinations.
Conclusion The overall prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in China is rising, and there are regional, seasonal, age and sex differences. It is important to prevent and control allergic respiratory diseases according to regional allergic conditions. This research investigates the allergen spectrum of respiratory disease patients in Shanghai area, providing the clinical basis and reference for the identification, prevention, and control of allergens in Shanghai area.

Key words: anaphylaxis, allergens, respiratory diseases, immunoglobin E